Supply Chain Management: Boeing And Airbus

Supply Chain Management Boeing And AirbusI would like to mention a subject relating to aviation industry, especially in leasing shipcraft sector. The most important proletariat in this sector is how to order, purchase and lease back aircraft to airlines. But to implement this task, we should know in detail how the aircraft assembly process under the restrict of aircraft bring to pass is.In Vietnam, the aviation market has a great development with the air traffic increasing year by year. In order to meet the gamy demand, Vietnamese airliners fuck off to add more(prenominal) aircraft to their fleet. They not scarce purchase aircraft by itself, but also need to lease from aircraft lessors. So that, aircraft lessors have to curb airlines to develop their fleet. Beside, leasing aircraft sector is the new one in Vietnam aviation industry. With this purpose, this final paper will provide an overview of the submit twine management practices by Airbus and Boeing in their new produc ts as Airbus A350 XWB (Extra Wide Body) and Boeing B787 Dreamliners and how the both aircraft manufactures apply range process management. Understanding this process, aircraft lessors will off a suitable decision to purchase aircrafts.On this occasion, I would like to thanks my partners in Boeing Commercial Airplane and Airbus SAS for providing necessary intimate documents for reference. I also thanks my colleague in aircraft technical instalment in my company, Vietnam Aircraft Leasing Company, and technical staff from Vietnam Airlines Corporation for supporting during the data collection.2. Research Goals and Approach2.1 Goals In this final paper, I would like to provide the some overview for reason the emerging of supply chain management strategies in the commercial aviation industry. It also shows the longer-term implications of the supply chain management in the aviation industry in the future.2.2 Approach To implement a comparative analysis of supply chain management appli ed by Boeing and Airbus and their lean process management. To focus on dickens new large development chopines in commercial aviation (Boeing 787 Dreamliners and Airbus A350 XWB). To concentrate on the common set of providers supporting both programs to develop a bully compare and contrast perspective, looking at Boeing Airbus from the vantage point of these common suppliers.3. Literature reviewThe extensive literature showing that lean supply chain management practices represent a critical source of sustained competitive advantage and containing some factors as following Supplier ne t fit architecture conjugated to companys vision strategy. Early supplier integration into fig and development. Visibility and transparency through open communications. Long-term, trust-based, mutually-beneficial relationships. Continuous supplier development process improvement. New supplier network architectures represent a defining feature of emerging new business models for managing complexi ty, uncertainty and competition in a globalized market environment. Access to investment capital, new markets and new sources of innovation. Greater outsourcing, strategic alliances partnerships, delegation of greater responsibilities to suppliers to minimize risk and transaction hails. Internet-enabled study technologies and placements radically redefining supplier integration via improved information visibility and information-sharing strength gains. Machine-to-machine data communication system integration globally. Unprecedented visibility, transparency and accuracy. Greater flexibility in interconnecting different systems, facilitating both bilateral and twelve-sided collaboration.4. Research Design To develop baseline data about the individual supplier companies. To gauge whether and the ex dwell to which they are employing lean practices. To assess the extent to which the two large node companies are practicing lean principles in their engagement with the suppliers. T o document the extent to which the two large customer companies have proactively required the suppliers to adopt lean practices. To develop more deeply into specific topical areas (e.g., role in design development, information/communication links, contract design). To probe how exactly the two customer companies manage their relationships with these specific suppliers. Open source information to ensure external validity generalizability. About the two companies their supply chain management practices. About the two specific programs. About the common suppliers.5. Boeing 787 computer program5.1 Overview Launch Year in 2002 in order to responding to the overwhelming preference of airlines around the world, Boeing Commercial Airplanes new aeroplane is the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, a super- businesslike woodworking plane. An international team of top aerospace companies is developing the airplane, led by Boeing at its Everett, Washington facility near Seattle. Represents Boeings resp onse to expected demand for an aircraft that would cost less to own, operate and maintain. Targeted at the middle of the market segment the rapid, top, point-to-point connections aviation market segment, with capacity of 250 riders.Unparalleled PerformanceAt the premiere stage of the program, Boeing tent to plant 03 type of aircraft 787-3, 787-8, 787-9 but up to now, there are 02 main versions. The 787-8 Dreamliner will range 210 250 passengers on routes of 7,650 to 8,200 maritime miles (14,200 to 15,200 kilometers), while the 787-9 Dreamliner will carry 250 290 passengers on routes of 8,000 to 8, euchre nautical miles (14,800 to 15,750 kilometers).In addition to bringing big-jet ranges to mid- coat airplanes, the 787 will provide airlines with unmatched fuel efficiency, resulting in exceptional environmental exertion. The airplane will use 20 percent less fuel for comparable missions than todays similarly sized airplane. It will also travel at speeds similar to todays fast est wide bodies, Mach 0.85. Airlines will hump more cargo revenue capacity.Passengers will also see improvements with the new airplane, from an interior environment with higher humidity to increased comfort and convenience.Advanced engine roomThe delineate to this exceptional performance is a suite of new technologies being developed by Boeing and its international technology development team.50 percent of the primary winding structure including the fuselage and wing on the 787 will be made of multiform materials.An open architecture will be at the heart of the 787s systems, which will be more simplified than todays airplanes and offer increased functionality. For example, the team is looking at incorporating health-monitoring systems that will allow the airplane to self-monitor and report maintenance requirements to ground-based computer systems.General voltaic and Rolls-Royce are the two engine manufacture to develop engines for the new airplane. It is expected that advan ces in engine technology will contribute as much as 8 percent of the increased efficiency of the new airplane, representing a nearly two-generation jump in technology for the middle of the market.Another improvement in efficiency will come in the way the airplane is designed and built. New technologies and processes are in development to help Boeing and its supplier partners achieve unprecedented levels of performance at every phase of the program. For example, by manufacturing a one-piece fuselage section, we are eliminating 1,500 atomic number 13 sheets and 40,000 50,000 fasteners.Continuing ProgressThe Boeing board of directors granted authority to offer the airplane for sale in late 2003. architectural plan launch occurred in April 2004 with a record order from All-Nippon Airways. Since that time, 56 customers from six continents of the world have placed orders for 847 airplanes determine at $147 billion, making this the most successful launch of a new commercial airplane in Boeings history. The 787 program opened its final assembly constitute in Everett in May 2007. First flight of the 787 Dreamliner occurred in Dec. 2009.The program has signed on more than 40 of the worlds most capable top-tier supplier partners and unitedly finalized the airplanes configuration in September 2005. Boeing has been working with its top tier suppliers since the early expatiate design phase of the program and all are connected roughly at 135 sites around the world. Eleven partners from around the world completed facility construction for a total of three million additional square(a) feet to create their major structures and bring the next new airplane to market.5.2. SpecificationModelB787-8B787-9EngineGEnext or Rolls Royce Trent 1000GEnext or Rolls Royce Trent 1000Range7,650 to 8,200 nautical miles (14,200 to 15,200 kilometers)8,000 to 8,500 nautical miles (14,800 to 15,750 kilometers)Seat210 to 250 passengers250 to 290 passengersConfigurationTwin aisleTwin aisleCro ss Section226 inches (574 centimeters)226 inches (574 centimeters)Wing Span197 feet (60 meters)197 feet (60 meters)Length186 feet (57 meters)206 feet (63 meters)Height56 feet (17 meters)56 feet (17 meters)Cruise SpeedMach 0.85Mach 0.85Total Cargo Volume4,400 cubic feet5,400 cubic feetMax Takeoff Weight502,500 lbs (227,930 kilograms)545,000 lbs (247,208 kg)Program milestonesAuthority to offer late 2003Program launch April 2004Assembly start 2006First roll-out ceremony July 2007First flight December 2009First delivery Mid Q1/2011 (estimated)5.3. Program Fact SheetThe 787 Program covers many areas of interest, from the market, customers, and airplane technology to manufacturing enhancements and an extensive partner team, among others. Here are some interesting facts and figures on a number of these topic areasMarket size3,310 units over 20 years (Boeing Market Forecast 2009-2028)Firm orders by customer (up to October 2010 at www.boeing.com)Model SeriesOrdersDeliveriesTotalB787-8629629B 787-9218218B787 Total847847B787 vs. B777 on composites and aluminum (by weight)B787B77750 % composites12 % composites20 % aluminum50 % aluminumMaterial breakout on B787Composites 50%Aluminum 20%Titanium 15% nerve 10%Other 5%Better designe More fuel efficient 20 % more fuel efficient than similarly sized airplanes Produces fewer emissions 20 % fewer than similarly sized airplanes Better kind seat mile costs than peer airplanes 10 % Better maintenance costs 30%Generators quadruplet at 250 kVA (two per engine)Two at 225 kVA (on auxiliary power unit)Hydraulic powerDistributed at 5,000 pounds per square inch on the 787 3,000 pounds per square inch standard profit of the new electric architecture Extracts as much as 35 percent less power from the engines than traditional pneumatic systems on todays airplanes.US and non-US matter on the 787 Roughly 70 percent US Roughly 30 percent non-US.The number of new city pairs the 787 will connect At to the lowest degree 450Other special features Represents large step towards all-electric-airplane, one in which all systems are run by electricity. Driven by the belief that power electronics, key to the all-electric airplane, are on a steep curve of performance cost improvement, while pneumatic systems maturement has tapped out around 1995. The traditional bleed air and hydraulic power are replaced with electrically powered compressors and pumps. Cabin pressurized by electric motors, not by bleed air used by almost every pressurized aircraft. An open architecture centralized computer hosts the avionics and utility functions, rather than dozens of individual buses. Anti-icing of the wing to be done with electric heat sooner of bleed air. Composites resist long-term wear and tear, because cracks do not propagate from holes as in aluminum inspections are made easier maintenance intervals stretched to 1000 hrs (compared with 500 hrs for 767 or 700 hrs for A330 the two most prominent aircraft 787 aims to replace). Much more s avvy focus on flexible financing arrangements, plus closer attention to passenger comfort, fuel burn and life cycle costs.6. Airbus A350 XWB Program6.1. OverviewAimed at compete with B787 from Boeing, Airbus has decided to build A350 XWB based on the technologies developed for A380. The Airbus A350 XWB is a long-range, mid-size, wide-body family of airliners presently under development by European aircraft manufacturer Airbus. The A350 will be the first Airbus with both fuselage and wing structures made primarily of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer. The A350 is designed to compete with the Boeing 777 and the Boeing 787. Airbus claims that it will be more fuel-efficient, with up to 8% lower operating cost than the Boeing 787. It is scheduled to enter into airline service during the second half of 2013. The launch customer for the Airbus A350 is Qatar Airways. Development costs are projected to be US$15 billion.Airbus utilises next-generation manufacturing and assembly techniques to make the A350 XWB a more efficient and reliable aircraft. The A350 XWB is furnished with an advanced cockpit and onboard systems optimised for robustness and simplicity, while its advanced wing design makes this aircraft faster and quieter.The A350 XWBs onboard systems are designed for maximum reliability, operability and simplicity.The advanced wing design of the A350 XWB will make it a faster, quieter and more efficient aircraft.Airbus utilises new techniques to optimise the A350 XWBs weight, maintenance and operating costs.The A350 XWBs cockpit features the latest in display technology and integrated modular avionics.6.2. SpecificationAircraft Dimensions boilers suit length198 ft.7.5 in.219 ft. 5.5 in.242 ft. 4.7 in.Height55 ft. 11.3 in.55 ft. 11.3 in.55 ft. 11.3 in.Fuselage diameter19 ft. 58 in. (horiz)19 ft. 58 in. (horiz)19 ft. 6 in. (horiz)Wingspan (geometric)212 ft. 5 in.212 ft. 5 in.212 ft. 5 in.Wing area (reference)4,740 ft24,767 ft24,767 ft2Wing sweep (25% chord)31.9 deg rees31.9 degrees31.9 degreesWheelbase81 ft. 7 in.94 ft. 1 in.108 ft. 7 in.Wheel track34 ft. 9 in.34 ft. 9 in.35 ft. 2 in.Basic Operation DataEngines2 Rolls-Royce Trent XWB2 Rolls-Royce Trent XWB2 Rolls-Royce Trent XWBEngine thrust range75,000 lb. slst.84,000 lb. slst.93,000 lb. slst.Typical passenger sit down270 (3-class)314 (3-class)350 (3-class)Range (w/max. passengers)8,300 nm.8,100 nm.8,000 nm.Max. operating Mach number (Mmo)0.89 Mo.0.89 Mo.0.89 Mo.Design WeightsMaximum ramp weight548.7 lbs. x 1000592.8 lbs. x 1000659.0 lbs. x 1000Maximum fraudulence weight546.7 lbs. x 1000590.8 lbs. x 1000657.0 lbs. x 1000Maximum landing weight407.9 lbs. x 1000451.9 lbs. x 1000503.8 lbs. x 1000Maximum zero fuel weight382.5 lbs. x 1000423.3 lbs. x 1000470.6 lbs. x 1000Maximum fuel capacity34,082 US gal.36,460 US gal.41,215 US gal.Some Design Technical Features Cockpit design follows same cockpit layout, characteristics and operating procedures as in the A320 and A330/A340 platforms, providing a number of advantages (e.g., in terms of bunch training, crew transition, cross-crew qualification). Also incorporates new features that benefit from innovation in technologies for displays, flight management navigation systems. First commercial airplane to adopt EHAs (electrohydrostatic actuators) flight control technologies, a step forward to the all-electric airplane. EHAs are electrically powered but use hydraulic pumps and reservoirs that transform electrical power into hydraulic power. Advantages large nest egg in terms of weight and space (e.g., reduction in the size of pipelines, actuators and other components, power generation equipment, tubing, amount of fluid required), as well as ease of installation. First commercial aircraft capable of flying with total hydraulic failure, using electricity to operate the flight control surfaces. Extensive use of composite materials 25% (by weight), compared with 10% in A320 and 30% in A340-500/600. Use of carbon composites and ad vanced metallic hybrid materials, along with laser beam welding to decease fasteners, press weight and provide enhanced fatigue tolerance. spot highly resistant to fatigue, used in construction of panels for upper fuselage. Aluminum and fiberglass layers of Glare do not allow propagation of cracks. Glare lighter than conventional materials represents a weight saving of about 500kg.6.3. Fact SheetFirm orders by customer (up to October 2010 at www.airbus.com)Model SeriesOrdersDeliveriesTotalA350-800158158A350-900340340A350-10007575A350 Total573573A350 vs. B787 on material breakout (by weight)A350B787Composites 53%Composites 50%Aluminum 19%Aluminum 20%Titanium 14%Titanium 15%Steel 6%Steel 10%Other 8%Other 5%Airbus internal goal to freeze the design and expects10% lower airframe maintenance cost14% lower empty seat weight than competing aircraftMore fuel efficient Up to 25 % more fuel efficient than similarly sized airplanesProduces fewer emissions Up to 25% fewer than similarly siz ed airplanesBetter cash seat mile costs than peer airplanes 15%7. Supply Chain Management Practices by Airbus and Boeing Supplier selection on both programs following a typical competitive bid process during initial plateau phase selection on best-value basis. Boeing retains unified list of pre-qualified suppliers/ venders (qualified parts list QPL qualified vendor list QVL). Airbus does not yet maintain such a unified list, but moving in same direction. Both have major suppliers go in early in design and development process. Both committed to long-term, mutually-beneficial, reliable and stable relationships with key suppliers. Supplier partnerships typically limited to suppliers that continuously show probity in performance, demonstrate credible long-term business interest, and back it up with their own development and investment. Life-of-program fixed-cost contracts, but with some differences. Electronic links with suppliers via supplier portals (request for summon/proposal o rder placement technical data interchange, such as technical specifications, key characteristics, engineering drawings exchanging documents facilitating virtual collaboration with global partnering suppliers in a 3D design software environment). RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) initiatives Both Boeing and Airbus have expanded the application of RFID tags for both the B787 and A350 programs they have worked together to reach for consensus regarding standards for using global RFID technology on commercial airplanes).8. Major suppliers responsibility is greater Important strategic shifts in supply chain management, driven by pressing need to reduce cost and spread development costs. Both have asked major suppliers in B787 and A350 to absorb non-recurring costs, thus greatly shifting costs and risks to suppliers, but using passably different approaches. Suppliers delegated much more responsibility for design, development and manufacturing through closer collaboration, partnerships and integration across supplier networks.Boeing 787 Boeing has gone the extra distance with the 787 program retains only about 33%-35% of the total 787 work share Deliberate effort to reduce parts count to enable snap three-day assembly of the 787 Suppliers moving up the value chain assuming more of a system integrator role, providing more integrated components and managing their own sub-tier suppliers This is the first time Boeing has outsourced the entire wing design and manufacturing to external suppliers (risk-sharing partners Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd. center wing box Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. main wing fixed trailing edge Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. wing box) This is the first time Boeing applied lean manufacturing process in B787 program to improve absence management while merging its short and long-term disability program administration with leave-of-absence offering.Airbus A350 Airbus, as a multinational consortium prior to July 2001, had already adopted a s trategic partnership model with well-defined work-share arrangements. Airbus has increased its outsourcing in the A350 program, but has still kept in-house core technologies, such as composite technology and wing design. Airbus also applied lean process technique by getting advice from Porsche (a German car manufacture) in order to reduce production time and avoid delay as happened in A380 program.9. Worldwide OutsourcingBoth Airbus and Boeing have increased their global outsourcing in Japan, China, India, Middle East, Eastern Europe and Russia (estimated in the future). Why the two aircraft manufacture select these region because of the strong economic growth as well as fast-growing air travel particularly in Asia/Pacific region. Large Asian and Middle Eastern carriers as capital of Singapore Airlines, Emirates, Vietnam Airlines now are the major customers. The variety of offset arrangements have opened up new market opportunities, tied to increased sourcing (e.g., from China).Boei ng strategy long extraordinary dominance in Japanese market strong presence in China. In Japan 80% of orders from Japanese airlines from Boeing during last decade Japanese suppliers (heavies) compute for 35% of 787 work-shares. In China activities range from subcontracting, joint ventures, technical training and assistance for cooperative programs visible support from Chinese suppliers (valued at $1.6 billion), supplying necessary composite parts and structures for 787 programs.Airbus strategy relative newcomer to Japan China. In Japan facing difficulties in winning orders from Japanese airlines, but has contracted work with Japanese suppliers. In China sale activities in China jumped to 219 aircraft in 2005 from 56, overtaking Boeing by delivering 6 more aircraft committed to doubling procurement from Chinese suppliers to $120 million/year by 2010 announced Tianjin will be site for Airbus first final assembly plant outside Europe.10. The Emerging incomparable ModelBoeing Mode lThe Boeing 787 experience represents a unique model for the future in supply chain management. In essence, the Boeing model is about optimizing the total business, not just the supply chain in the traditional sense. Supply chain architecture as an integral part of the entire program extended opening architecture. Main emphasis is on optimizing portfolio of core competencies in entire value stream for mutual benefit. Lifecycle value creation perspective, not short-term waste excreting or cost minimization for Boeing itself. Boeing has adopted a bold new innovative system integrator role. This represents a revolutionary departure from the past. Boeing has asked all suppliers to carry all of the non-recurring costs in return, gives back to risk-sharing partnering suppliers the intellectual property rights on the components or systems they provide. Contracts are so designed that if the aircraft does well in the marketplace, the risk-sharing partners derive direct benefits and major p artnering suppliers can make design trades within each work package and across company units to find optimal system solutions. Lower-tier suppliers are not provided IP ownership but are given long-term relationships, where they can benefit from scale economies. Boeing only provides high-level interface definition the first-tier (major partnering suppliers) is responsible for the detailed interface definitions designs. Suppliers work together and Boeing acts as referee in case of conflicts. Web-enabled information technologies systems a critical enabler.Airbus model Airbus is reported to have established risk-sharing partnerships with more than 30 of its major suppliers covering $3.1 billion or 25% of total program non-recurring costs. These suppliers include Alenia, Eurocopter, Fokker, Gamesa, Labinal, Saab). However, this needs closer scrutiny, to see what it actually means. Airbus also continues to achievement control over all system and detail engineering interface definitions . Airbus suppliers work in parallel (bilaterally with Airbus), with limited lateral communications among them. Unlike Boeing, Airbus has no strong partners for major risk-sharing activities or as contributors to development spending. However, Airbus is currently pursuing new partnering arrangements under its Airbus Power competitiveness Industrial Plan. Plan proposes radical cost-cutting systematization measures (cutting 10,000 jobs, closing down or selling specific sites, rearranging workshare allocation). Investment partners being sought for the Extended Enterprise sites (Nordenham, Germany Meaulte, France Filton, UK). As part of the plan, supplier relationships would also change (Airbus wants partners to commit to long-term cost reductions). Airbus also reducing its supplier base from 3,000 down to 5,000.11. ConclusionAerospace supply chain management will continue to arise from a transactional or relational business model to one involving risk-sharing and cost-sharing prime-su pplier partnerships, alliances closely-knit collaborative relationships. Where primes (system-integrators) will likely to move closer to a total system integrator lifecycle value provider role. Major suppliers to assume greater system-integrator role, with greater responsibility for design, development, manufacturing, and after-market lifecycle support. Suppliers, in general, moving from short-term service providers to long-term partners. Global outsourcing considered as aerospace supply chains and is likely to be a lot more quite internationalized in the future. Adoption of information technologies enabling network-wide connectivity right down to lower tiers an exacting in the future for coordinating complex set of interdependencies. Continued consolidation likely in aerospace supplier base to build greater specialization broader system integration skills, and stronger financial backbone to make the necessary investments to enhance core capabilities.

The Traveller Gypsies Book Review English Language Essay

The Traveller Gypsies Book Review English Language EssayJudith Oakley is a social anthropologist who has spent a carve up of her biography researching into many aspects of native life forms one of the most popular pieces of work was her work conducted around Traveller-Gypsies. Oakley wrote her watchword gipsy-Travellers and published it in 1983 it represents the everyday life of itinerant-Travellers and their struggle under the domination of a bigger society. The study conducted by Oakley occurred in the 1960s around England and understandings of Gypsy-Travellers throughout history have provided us with the political orientation that they have al tracks been vagrant state travelling freely. However, in this book, Oakley noned how Gypsy-Travellers living in Britain in the 1960s had to deal with numerous laws imposed by goernments that would restrict their mobility and vanquish them from their true identity. Oakley is in constant teaching mode, and is al tracks on the lookout f or something new to write about the Gypsy-Travellers, something that was unknown to the public. maven bother that has always affected the studies of Gypsies would be the definition of what a gypsy actually is while some believe it to be thought of in terms of honor of blood, others would regard it as social population, sort of than an ethnic marvel, which should be such dealt with using social manners. One definition of a Gypsy would be One inclined to a nomadic, unconventional way of life. (TheFreeDictionary, 2012). These people are the Gypsies that Okelys book refers to, and her outlook in regards to their identity underlies much of her approach to the subject it is a third estate theme throughout the book, and one is left realising, that the beginning never presents a clear definition of what aGypsyactually is, how the meaning of the word has changed over time, with new laws and regulations world put in place and holding these people fend for, and how they are seen in toda ys society. While this seems to be the main weakness of the text, Oakley does include how Gypsies racy and take the stands how Gorgios are perceived and acted upon and against, including how Gypsies compare themselves to Gorgios within the community.Oakleys text starts by her introducing herself and what she was doing at the time she wrote the book, using things she learned from other people for example, she found that to some people pierced ears were the only way to get to heaven, which was further believed to improve vision for Traveller-Gypsies, as she found out when questioning some of the people she lived with. Oakley practises numerous lists to envision which people helpered her make her book happen thanking many people on the way, listing who gave her advice, who proof-read the book and who composed the final drafts to s repeal off for publishing. She thanks the newspapers for allowing her to use their content as a regard to keep anonymity between those she was living wi th. Finally, she thanks the Traveller-Gypsies she was living with for being her guides and providing her with friendship and laughter. This all adds up to show how much she appreciates the work of other people when trying to get her own work together it shows she has faith in the team of people she worked with and how she would trust them to help make her work successful.The table of contents seems to show the author as writing the book chronologically from writing about what was historically believed, to self-ascribing themselves to be a Traveller-Gypsy. It finalises by listing how Gypsies travel, in what and with whom before writing about relationships and defining the occasion of the traveller women. Additionally, it lists terms Oakley used, which she came across when in the company of the traveller-gypsies, at the end of the book for subscribers ease of understanding their language. In personal opinion, chronologically ordering the table of contents seems to be a practical for m of organisation as it shows how things have progressed throughout time, including any historical changes through research and the development of greater understandings. Furthermore, it allows for the reader to have a greater impression of how the people in the text live, what their means of transport is and how it has changed, and why these people live in the way that they do (be it economic reasons or political).Oakleys study is divided into twelve chapters and a conclusion, which appears to be written in a well-structured way. The first chapter addresses the history of Gypsy studies and invites popular misconceptions to be looked upon in a formal manner this continues to be looked into in chapter two. Chapter three shows an insight into how Oakley planned to conduct her research and includes material that was proven to be valuable at the time of her study. Next, chapter four narrates the place of the British Gypsy within the economic system and includes non-Gypsy alliances with work contracts. Identity issues are further raised in chapter five, where self-ascription is discussed in detail. Chapter six entails dealings with maintenance of the boundaries between Gypsy and non-Gypsy, or Gorgio this same chapter also deals with the concept of things considered as ritually impure, which would usually be associated with Gorgios and their way of life further looked upon in chapter eleven. Chapter seven offers realistic pictures of the attitudes presented to Gypsies, including their way of life and means of livelihood, from Gorgios further, it shows the ways Gorgios deal with providing the populations accommodation. Chapter eight shows Oakley dealing with both the reality and myth of Gypsies as Traveller kind, and blots out from the start that Gypsies do not travel about aimlessly, as either the romantics or the anti-Gypsy suggest (p. 125). Chapters nine and ten show how marriage, kinship, husband-wife relationships and children are dealt with, including how a m arriage is chosen and why. The eleventh chapter had explored the role of women in a British Romany society and includes a detailed discussion of the differences between Gypsy and Gorgio women, including stereotypes. The final chapter, chapter twelve, deals with death, superstition and religion however, these are not discussed in great depth further analysis of these would have allowed the reader a greater understanding when looking into how these things affect a Gypsies lifestyle.In her last remarks, Oakley notes how she can not necessarily conclude her chapter as she did not initially make a hypothesis. She relates to how gypsies are seen as trouble as they are kinds who renounce to settle and work for a living, unlike those who are already inhabited in an area do they refuse to be pay off proletarianised within the community. It also states how although they travel, Traveller-Gypsies do give a community something they could not otherwise get without their aid, whether that is p ositive for the community or negative. Further, she states how differentiating between gypsy and Gorgio is not always easy, but the gypsy culture has not always been accepted, as it may be led to be believed. The study was also a way to measure how gypsies deal with the way society treats them by shunning them it records the responses and retaliations of Traveller-Gypsies. A lot of gypsies would refuse Gorgio access to their lives, yet it is needed in order for them to gain a good parent and understanding of what they do without this they would be continually forced out of societies and would never have the possibility of being accepted into particular societies. The concluding remarks in this book encloses a statement which seems to be of importance Outsiders have projected onto Gypsies their own repressed fantasies and longings for disorder . . . this study has confronted such fantasies (1983, p.232).From what has been read in her book, Oakley uses herself as the fabricator of t he text, she writes about what she found as and when it happened using any information she received and where it originated from. Additionally, the text written in the book has historical facts about the Traveller-Gypsies and how they have accrue to be the people they are yet Oakley not only includes personal opinions on the matters, but personal experiences she has lived through whilst living within the Gypsy community. This gives the reader an understanding of what was happening at the time of the study as they are able to empathise, not only with Oakley, but with the Traveller-Gypsies as they dealt with any struggles they faced. Oakley uses present filter within her writing with phrases such as it is presumed (p. 52) rather than the past tense it was this gives the reader to believe the books authenticity as it allows for both periods of time and shows comparisons between the two. In regards to the writing style, it would most likely be suited for collegial or university studen ts, or in particular those more advanced in this field of study, as the writing seems formal yet it contains academic information that may prove a challenge to those looking onto the subject from a less-educated point of view. For example, the way move of the text have been written in some parts, Oakley has referred to previous studies, a lot of them her own work, which may be identified as confusing for a student at any lower level of education, as they may be unable to understand parts of the text through the amount of referencing that is place.The author has a distinctive personal style, it is formal, yet informal Oakley uses evidence in her statements then puts up an opinionated argument against what she says, which additionally helps the reader understand what is being give tongue to. With her interpreting the gypsy lifestyle, Oakley tends to use their jargon in her work, for example, using Gorgios to show a non-gypsy person in the gypsy life, of which are defined and listed in the back of the book. Any accounts that are included in the book are based on personal visits to the community, therefore there may be misinterpretations within what has been said as a communication breakdown may have occurred further, Oakley may be using bias information when trying to put a point across as there were no other researchers to object to her motives. This doesnt help with the fact that she may not be putting up a presumptive argument, which seems to be one of the main disapprovals against this text with their only being Oakley to refer to. However, with this being said, her text does include references to previous works from both herself and other former anthropologists in which she has used to back up some of her sources.Her studied natives were collectively anonymous in her work however, she does use some forms of individuality. She uses one person rather than names as the people wishes to remain anonymous, which she accepted phrases of which the people would want to be called are used, i.e. one traveller said, rather than a person told me. It does come across as the travellers she was living with have their own voice in the ethnography she introduces them before using their quotes, giving the reader a smell of fictional character however, found in the notes are individual names of the Travellers she lives with and what wise words they gave her to help her live within the community once she was accepted. This gives a greater sense of character for the individuals as although they were not specifically named in the text, they did have an involvement at the end of the book.Overall Oakley had provided a positive piece of text, with the main criticism being that her argument was not necessarily defined her own personal meaning of what a Traveller-Gypsy was had never been noted thus it was unable to be pass in todays society as definitions have further changed since her period of study. Suitably, this text is informative and gives vital in formation upon how Traveller-Gypsies used to live previous to any laws and regulations tenia them performing certain tasks within a community.Word Count 2,006

Shakespeares Hamlet - Comparison of Gertrude and Ophelia Essay

Hamlet -- Comparison of Gertrude and Ophelia Gertrude and Ophelia occupy the leading roles for females in the Shakespe arean drama Hamlet. As women they share many things in common attitudes from others, shallow or simple minds and outlooks, etc. This essay will delve into what they have in common. The protagonists negative attitude toward two women is an obvious starting point. bath Dover Wilson explains in What Happens in Hamlet how the prince holds both of the women in disgust The difficulty is not that, having once loved Ophelia, Hamlet ceases to do so. This is explained, as to the highest degree critics have agreed, by his mothers conduct which has put him quite out of love with Love and has poisoned his whole imagination. The exclamation Frailty thy name is charr in the first soliloquy, we come to feel later, embraces Ophelia as well as Gertrude, while in the bedroom scene he as good as taxes his mother with destroying his capacity for affection, when he accuses her of such an act That blurs the grace and blush of modesty, Calls virtue hypocrite, takes off the rose From the fir forehead of an innocent love And sets a blister there. Moreover, it is clear that in the tirades of the nunnery scene he is thinking almost as much of his mother as of Ophelia. (101) Other critics agree that both women are recipients of Hamlets ill-will. In the Introduction to Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet, David Bevington enlightens the reader regarding the similarities between Gertrude and Ophelia as the hero sees them Yet to Hamlet, Ophelia is no better than another Gertrude both are tender of heart but submissive to the will of importunate men, and so are forced into uncharacteristic vi... ... An Approach to Hamlet. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet. Ed. David Bevington. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Rpt. from An Approach to Hamlet. Stanford, CT Stanford University Press, 1961. Pennington, Michael. Ophelia Madness Her Only Saf e Haven. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from Hamlet A Users Guide. New York Limelight Editions, 1996. Pitt, Angela. Women in Shakespeares Tragedies. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Excerpted from Shakespeares Women. N.p. n.p., 1981. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html Wilson, John Dover. What Happens in Hamlet. New York Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Measuring Customer Service at American Express :: essays research papers

Measuring customer Satisfaction at American ExpressAmerican Express is a world full travel related service company. American Express works with both consumers and business with their financial planning as well as offers numerous amounts of assurance card harvest-times and travel assistance. They have many products and services that atomic number 18 used throughout the world by consumers and businesses. As American Express moves towards the future, like nearly credit card companies, they want to be competitive and responsive to the needs of the consumer. American Express sends out customer service surveys to the card members that call in to the rally service center. The surveys are sent out randomly with a coding on the bottom of the survey so that the results and comments are given bet on to the correct employee. The employees are aware that any card member that they speak to could receive a survey. With this said, each employee goes through extensive training on the telepho ne behaviors that must be demonstrated while speaking to card members. The employees also go through extensive training on the policies and procedures that each card product and service has. This training is to ensure that each card member is handled with the most utmost professional behavior and their issues are handled correctly. Once the surveys are returned to the company, they are returned to the Customer Satisfaction Action Team. This team reviews the surveys, separates them by employee and then by the results.. The results are separated by Excellent and Very Good and then Fair and misfortunate marks. The card members that score a Fair or Poor mark on the survey is called back by one of the team members and the issue is discussed foster to find out why the survey was marked that way. The comments that the card members make on the surveys are returned to the employees team leaders. The team leader gives the feedback to the employee and discusses with them their best practices or opportunities that need to be worked on. This tool is an excellent way to get in touch with our card members and to see how they feel the company is doing and what they feel is going unspoiled and what needs to be worked on. By doing this the company can take this information and better the customer satisfaction by either up training of employees are reviewing and possibly changing the policies or procedures.

Shakespearian tragedy :: essays research papers

By Shakespeares time, the characteristics of tragedy in play had been redefined. In the plays of the early Greeks, the tragic protagonist was a noble man who rose to the heights of success only to be plummeted to defeat and despair by his own tragic flaw, or hamartia. The mend structure in these early tragedies was relatively straightforward the motive of the dramatist was to elicit pity and terror from the audience through empathy with the tragic hero.What once had been a relatively simple form was gradually altered by playwrights to allow for more depth in characterization, more flexibility in plot structure, and the divisor of comic relief. Hamlets situation, for example, is considered a tragic one although it differs from the relatively simple plots found in the earlier Greek tragedies. He is a nobleman, hero-worship by his countrymen, who strives to alter the world around him. Ultimately, he must forfeit his own life to see justice done. The plot that unfolds in Shakespear es drama embroils politics, murder, and domestic strife, but still evokes pity and terror in the audience, precisely as intended by the early tragedians.Students can analyze the elements of tragedy in Hamlet, comparing and contrasting Prince Hamlets plight with that of tragic heroes in Greek tragedies and in modern tragedies. Suggested modern tragedies for such a comparison include Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller, and Mourning Becomes Electra, by Eugene ONeill.The play takes play in Denmark. Young Prince Hamlet has found out that his father honest-to-god King Hamlet had been killed by his uncle Claudius, who had taken the throne. The wraith of his dead father pleads for him to revenge his death most foul. Hamlet under great pressure and strain becomes, or acts insane.

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olauda Equiano Essay -- Slave

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olauda EquianoThe fib by Olaudah Equiano gives an interesting perspective of slavery both within and outside of Africa in the eighteenth century. From these literature we can gain insight into the religion and customs of an African culture. We can also see how developed the system of trade was within Africa, and worldwide by this time. Finally, we hear an insiders view on being enslaved, how slaves were treated in Africa, and what the treat handst of African slaves was like at the hands of the Europeans.Olaudah spends a good part of the narrative acquainting the reader with the customs of his hoi polloi. He describes the importance of hygiene to his people. Their overall health and vigor was helped by their penchant for cleanliness, and it makes them seem more advanced. This is an interesting development considering the problems that a lack of hygiene can lead to.His description of a wedding also seems very modern, but the importance of danc e in the festivities shows another expression of Olaudahs people. The dance defined the different groups within their village. First, and most important, were the married men, followed by married women, single men, and lastly unmarried women. The groups also used the dance to match stories or tell events that were important to them. This practice probably also strengthened the bonds within the groups.Olaudah also wrote about the division of chores within his village. The women were responsible for the spinning and weaving, and the men took care of the building. It is interesting to note the similarity of their dress, and the fact that both men and women joined in battle when the village was at war. They did not, however, sleep in the like ... ...rall his preaching was very good one master even carried him when he was too tired to walkIn sharp contrast to that treatment was the treatment he describes at the hands of Europeans. In his own words, they treat him with brutal cruelty . They seem to have a callous disregard for their captives, and treat them like brutal animals. From his description of the voyage, how the prisoners were stowed, and the way they were treated we gain proof that these Europeans felt the Africans were less than human.Overall, the narrative by Olaudah Equiano is a great first-hand look at the lives of some of the millions of people who were transported to other countries. They became a commodity sought after as laborers by a people they had never seen. The narrative also shows the folly of the European effect that the Africans were savages and could be treated accordingly.

The Russian Peasant in Pre-Revolutionary Times Essay -- Russian Histor

The Russian Peasant in Pre-Revolutionary TimesRussia in the late 19th and early 20th century was riddled with social and frugal hardships throughout the countryside and inner cities. The Russian peasant was faced with widespread poverty and poor living conditions throughout their entire life. The economic situation and the living conditions hatch the peasants and working class to rebel and begin the Russian revolution that would change the face of the country and impact the world forever. The peasants were the lowest ranking social aggroup in Russia. Some peasants own tracks of land that they farmed, spell others worked nobles land for money and food. Peasants had literally no rights under czarist rule. The nobles bought and sold the peasants as needed. The women usually cooked the food, while the men served the nobles and all of their guests. The peasants ate only a few basic foods, which consisted mainly of dark bread, porridge, cereal, or meal boiled in water.Peasant families who owned land normally owned strip farms. In strip farming, tracks of land were divided up into different parcels. Each peasant family in a colonisation had control over a certain number of parcels and they could farm it as necessary. This type of farming was ineffective because the different tracks of land were spread about, sometimes at a distance of miles. This resulted in peasants wasting time needless journeys-to-work, consumed land in boundary furrows and headlands, resulted in fields that were too remote to cultivate correctly and prevented innovation (Pallot, 276). This as well created tension between neighbors in disputes over confusing land boundaries. Peasants being forced to live together in small villages also increased the risk of... ... scare that swept the world in response to communist Russia.- Edelman, Robert. Proletarian Peasants. New York Cornell University Press, 1987.- Dunn, Stephen and Ethel Dunn. The Peasants of Central Russia. Holt, Rinehart and W inston Inc., 1967- Worobec, Christine D. Peasant Russia. DeKalb Northern Illinois University Press, 1995.- Inkeles, Alex. Social trade in Soviet Russia. Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1968.- Geiger, Kent. The Family in Soviet Russia. Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1968.- Pallot, Judith. Imagining the rational landscape in late imperial Russia. Journal of Historical Geography, 26, 2 (2000) 273-291. Links http//www.geocities.com/WestHollywood/2163/bolintro.html http//www.geocities.com/Athens/Cyprus/1169/ floor/revolut.html http//www.historychannel.com