Environment and Economy of Kuwait :: Geography

Environment and Economy of Kuwait Kuwait is not self-sufficient in agriculture but the country will be in the future. Its production of cereals, vegetables and fruit grown in the oasis of Jahra and scattered smallholdings is not sufficient for the population's needs, due to limitations of water supply, fertile soil, climate and manpower. Much of its food needs to be imported but government investment and the work of the Kuwait Experimental farm have led to improvements whereby existing resources are more efficiently utilized. Kuwait is a small arid desert land of about 6200 square miles. There is virtually no natural source of fresh water. Climatic conditions entail occasional high winds and dust storms, little or no rainfall, and summer temperatures as high as 120Ã ¸F. "Consequently, arable land amounts to less than 9% of total acreage."1 Soil deficiencies and the intense heat and sunlight allow continued cultivation only by expensive underground pipe-fed irrigation or by hydroponics. Ordinary irrigation under these conditions results in gradually increasing soil salinity. this phenomenon has been the cause of the estimated 1% annual decrease in arable land for the region as a whole. Hence, development of traditional agriculture is severely restricted. Kuwaitis are under no illusion that self-sufficiency will take less than 20 to 30 years to attain and even then it cannot include such items as beef and cereals. For Kuwait cereal production is considered too expensive and unnecessary. Self-sufficiency in poultry, vegetables and fruit is a visible goal: already Kuwait produces 60% of the eggs it needs, 40% of the poultry meat and 100% of the tomatoes. The next emphasis is likely to be on dairy farming and animal husbandry to increase the 25% of the required milk supplies that is produced in the country. The Kuwaitis are very conscious of the fact that urban growth and the hunting of animals which used to live in the desert has meant the virtual extinction of wildlife. Kuwait is importing from many countries animals such as cows, chickens and sheep. In view of Kuwait's extremely unpromising natural environment which was made even worse after the Persian Gulf War, the key to all its hopes for self-sufficiency lies in research and experiments. Their experimental farm research farm:Omariya, the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and the Kuwait Fund for the Advancement of Sciences are engaged in a variety of projects concerned with the hybridization of plants, animal breeding, the increase of yields in desert conditions, the treatment of brackish water and effluent water, irrigation methods, etc.

Brain Development

The human brain is considered as the most important and complex part of the body consisting of about 180 billion cells (Kolb and Whishaw 84). Of those 180 billion cells, 60 billion neurons are actively involved in thought processing, and each of these may synapses with as many as 15,000 neighboring neurons. Because of this complexity, for many years researchers in neuroscience have been hesitant to take on the difficult task of explaining the intricacies of the human brain. Prenatal Development The brain is among the first body parts to specialize and function in the embryo.It originates as a flat sheet of cells on the upper surface, called the neural plate. The brain begins to develop between the second and third week after fertilization and continue to develop rapidly throughout gestation (Spear 406-407). At 3 weeks of embryonic development, a tube appears along the back of the embryo. This is the neural tube, from which the entire nervous system develops. At the top of the tube, t hree bulges develop to form the three main divisions of the brain- the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain, and, behind them, the spinal cord.By the time the embryo is 13 mm (y in) in length the three swellings have become five, as the forebrain itself separates into the region to become the cerebral hemispheres and below this the diencephalons. The swellings are so large that to accommodate them the tube must begin to kink. At 7 weeks, the parts of the developing neural tube initially form a straight line, but the tube soon bends so that the forebrain and hindbrain are at right angles to each other.The hindbrain develops rapidly at this stage and begins to sprout a series of nerves (cranial nerves). The forebrain also begins to enlarge, forming two bulges. These will become the large, folded cerebrum and underlying structures, such as the thalamus. At 11 weeks, most features of the adult brain appear in rudimentary form. The hindbrain differentiates into the cerebellum (larg ely concerned with balance and coordination) and the pons and medulla (which control vital functions such as breathing and heartbeat).Meanwhile, the forebrain continues to grow, and the bulk of it – the cerebrum – begins to overlap the underlying structures. By the fifth month, the wrinkles on the cortical surface of the cerebrum have appeared, and simple but recognizable EEG patterns have developed. Once the tube has been closed off, the cells within it divide, going through a number of precursor stages before their daughters eventually differentiate to give rise to the populations of neurons and glia that will form the adult brain.The rate of cell proliferation is extraordinary: an average of more than 250,000 neurons per minute must be formed during the nine months of pregnancy—a rate dramatically surpassed by that of synapse formation: More than 30,000 synapses must be formed per second under every square centimeters of cortex to generate the complement pres ent in the early post-natal period. During pregnancy the fetal brain grows dramatically in size and complexity, and the neurons and glia which constitute it must find their appropriate positions and make their ordered connections, for instance within the six layers of the cerebral cortex.Because the cells are generated from a single initial sheet, it is necessary for them to migrate considerable distances to their final location. The cerebral hemispheres develop from the front portion of the neural tube, and, as their progenitor cells are formed, by the fifth week of pregnancy, the wall of the tube bulges to form the cerebral vesicles. Over the next hundred days, cells close to the ventricle are destined to give rise to the neurons which will form the cortex, while the glia are born in a second layer slightly further from the ventricles.The newborn neurons migrate from the ventricular zone towards the surface of the cerebral vesicles, where they meet axons growing in from the region of the developing brainstem, through which the later-born neurons must migrate. Before birth, massive enlargement of the cerebrum continues. Its most impressive development occurs in the cerebral cortex (the outer layers of the cerebrum) – the site of all higher conscious activity. At birth, the cerebrum makes up the bulk of the brain (The American Medical Association 12-13).Hence, by the time of birth, virtually all of the approximately 100 billion neurons in the human brain already are present (Cowan 113-115). Infancy But even this phenomenal rate of development may be an understatement (Clarke 345). Further Myers stated that in humans, though the brain tissue from the cerebral cortex has increased in complexity of the neural networks, the number of nerve cells don’t increase, but their interconnections do (63) Research in animals indicates that early in development, about twice as many neurons are produced than will be present in the adult brain.In addition, many n eurons initially grow axons that connect to the wrong targets. During the normal course of development, the excess neurons die and the inappropriate connections degenerate, leaving the appropriate connections in place (Cowan, Fawcett, OLeary, and Stanfield 1258-1260). Scientists believe that this overproduction and, later, death of neurons and their connections is an important mechanism for forming and fine-tuning the developing nervous system. The brain is not completely developed even in full-term newborn infants.A great deal of brain development takes place in the first few months of postnatal life; and, in fact, brain growth continues at least until adolescence (Benjamin, Hopkins, and Nation 313). They further added at birth, the human brain is immature: The neural networks that enable infants to walk, talk, and remember are still forming. This helps explain why infants’ memories do not predate during their third or fourth birthdays. In infancy, the brain also grows rapid ly specifically during the first two years after birth (Spear 170).Unlike all other cells in the body, however, the neurons are not usually replaced when they die, and from early infancy onwards there is indeed a small but steady loss of neurons. The growth is accounted for by increases in the number of glial cells, but above all in the massive development of dendritic processes and synaptic connections, as the brain â€Å"wires itself up† in a spectacular interplay of epigenetic specificity and experience-dependent plasticity—that is, the way that neural pathways are modified as a result of experience and most notably, learning and memory.Although all of a person’s neurons are present at birth, the number and complexity of the connections among neurons increase substantially after birth (Parmelee and Sigman 2:95-98), and this increase is partly responsible for the growth in brain size. Thus, both the increased neural connections and the development of myelin af ter birth make possible more and more complex behavior and thought as the child grows. In some areas of the brain, these developmental changes continue until adolescence (Yakovieve & Lecours 5-7).The human brain, and its functions, thus develop at first rapidly and then more steadily over the first few years of infancy, across puberty, and even into late adolescence. Works Cited Benjamin, Ludy, Hopkins, Roy, and Jack Nation. Psychology. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1997. Clarke, P. G. H. Neuronal Death in the development of the vertebrate nervous system. Trends in Neuroscience. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995. Cowan,W. M. â€Å"The development of the brain†. Scientific America,241(1989):113-120. Cown,W. M. ,Fawcett,. j. w. , O`Leary,. D.D. M. ,& Stanfield,B. B. â€Å"Regressive Events in Neurogenesis†. Science,225(1991):1258-1260. Clayman,C. B. ,M. D. â€Å"The Brain and Nervous System. † The American Medical Association. 2nd ed. 199 7. Kolb,B. , AND Whishaw,I. O. Fundamentals of human neuropsychology. New York: Freeman,1995. Parmelee,A. H. , and Sigman,M. D. Prenatal brain development and behavior. In P. H. Mussen (Ed). Handbook of Child Psychology,Vol II. Infancy and development psychology. New York: John Wiley &Sons, 1984. Spear, Peter D. Psychology: perspective on behavior, New York: John Wiley &Sons, 1998.

What Is the Renaissance in Architecture

The Renaissance describes an era from roughly 1400 to 1600 AD when art and architectural design returned to the Classical ideas of ancient Greece and Rome. In large part, it was a movement spurred on by the advances in printing by Johannes Gutenberg in 1440. The wider dissemination of Classical works, from the ancient Roman poet Virgil to the Roman architect Vitruvius, created a renewed interest in the Classics and a humanist way of thinking that broke with long-standing medieval notions. This age of awakening in Italy and northern Europe became known as the Renaissance, which means born anew in French. The Renaissance in European history left behind the Gothic era; it was a new way for writers, artists, and architects to look at the world after the Middle Ages. In Britain, it was the time of William Shakespeare, a writer who seemed to be interested in everything; art, love, history, and tragedy. In Italy, the Renaissance flourished with artists of innumerable talents. Before the dawn of the Renaissance (often pronounced REN-ah-zahns), Europe was dominated by asymmetrical and ornate Gothic architecture. During the Renaissance, however, architects were inspired by the highly symmetrical and carefully proportioned buildings of Classical Greece and Rome. Features of Renaissance Buildings The influence of Renaissance architecture is still felt today in a more contemporary home. Consider that the common Palladian window originated in Italy during the Renaissance. Other characteristic features of the eras architecture include: Symmetrical arrangement of windows and doorsExtensive use of columns of the Classical orders and pilastersTriangular pedimentsSquare lintelsArchesDomesNiches with sculptures Phases of Renaissance Architecture Artists in northern Italy were exploring new ideas for centuries before the period we call the Renaissance. However, the 1400s and 1500s brought an explosion of talent and innovation. Florence, Italy is often considered the center of the Early Italian Renaissance. During the early 1400s, the painter and architect Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) designed the great Duomo (cathedral) dome in Florence (c. 1436), so innovative in design and construction that even today its called Brunelleschis Dome. The Ospedale degli Innocenti (c. 1445), a childrens hospital also in Florence, Italy, was one of Brunelleschis first designs. Brunelleschi also rediscovered the principles of linear perspective, which the more refined Leon Battista Alberti (1404 to 1472) examined further and documented. Alberti, as a writer, architect, philosopher, and poet, became known as the true Renaissance Man of many skills and interests. His design of the Palazzo Rucellai (c. 1450) is said to be truly divorced from the medieval style, and could finally be considered quintessentially Renaissance: Albertis books on painting and architecture are considered classics to this day. What is called the High Renaissance was dominated by the works of Leonardo da Vinci (1452 to 1519) and the young upstart Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475 to 1564). These artists built on the works of those who came before them, extending a classical brilliance that is admired to this day. Leonardo, famous for his paintings of The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa, continued the tradition of what we call the Renaissance Man. His notebooks of inventions and geometrical sketches, including the Vitruvian Man, remain iconic. As an urban planner, like the ancient Romans before him, da Vinci spent his last years in France, planning a Utopian city for the King. During the 1500s, the great Renaissance master, the radical Michelangelo Buonarroti, painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and designed the dome for St. Peters Basilica in the Vatican. Michelangelos most recognizable sculptures are arguably the Pieta and the grand 17-foot marble statue of David. The Renaissance in Europe was a time when art and architecture were inseparable and the skills and talents of a single man could change the course of culture. Often talents worked together under Papal direction. Lasting Influences of Renaissance Architects A Classical approach to architecture spread through Europe, thanks to books by two important Renaissance architects. Originally printed in 1562, the Canon of the Five Orders of Architecture by Giacomo da Vignola (1507 to 1573) was a practical textbook for the 16th-century builder. It was a how-to pictorial description for building with different types of Greek and Roman columns. As an architect Vignola had a hand in St. Peters Basilica and the Palazzo Farnese in Rome, Villa Farnese, and other large country estates for the Catholic elite of Rome. Like other Renaissance architects of his time, Vignola designed with balusters, which became known as banisters in the 20th and 21st centuries. Andrea Palladio (1508 to 1580) may have been even more influential than Vignola.  Originally published in 1570, The Four Books of Architecture by Palladio not only described the five Classical Orders, but also showed with floor plans and elevation drawings how to apply the Classical elements to houses, bridges, and basilicas. In the fourth book, Palladio examines real Roman temples; local architecture like the Pantheon in Rome was deconstructed and illustrated in what continues to be a textbook of Classical design. Andrea Palladios architecture from the 1500s still stands as some of the finest examples of Renaissance design and construction. Palladios Redentore and San Giorigo Maggiore in Venice, Italy are not the Gothic sacred places of the past, but with columns, domes, and pediments they are reminiscent of Classical architecture. With the Basilica in Vicenza, Palladio transformed the Gothic remains of one building into what became a template for the Palladian window we know toda y. La Rotonda (Villa Capra) shown on this page, with its columns and symmetry and dome, became a template in years to come for a new Classical or neo-classical architecture worldwide. As Renaissance approaches to building spread to France, Spain, Holland, Germany, Russia, and England, each country incorporated its own building traditions and created its own version of Classicism. By the 1600s, architectural design took another turn as ornate Baroque styles emerged and came to dominate Europe. Long after the Renaissance period ended, however, architects were inspired by Renaissance ideas. Thomas Jefferson was influenced by Palladio and modeled his own home at Monticello on Palladios La Rotonda. At the turn of the twentieth century, American architects like Richard Morris Hunt designed grand style homes that resembled palaces and villas from Renaissance Italy. The Breakers in Newport, Rhode Island may look like a Renaissance cottage, but as it was built in 1895 it is Renaissance Revival. If the Renaissance of Classical designs had not happened in the 15th and 16th centuries, would we know anything of ancient Greek and Roman architecture? Maybe, but the Renaissance sure makes it easier.

Using Standard Normal Distribution in Mathematics

The standard normal distribution, which is more commonly known as the bell curve, shows up in a variety of places. Several different sources of data are normally distributed. As a result of this fact, our knowledge about the standard normal distribution can be used in a number of applications. But we do not need to work with a different normal distribution for every application. Instead, we work with a normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. We will look at a few applications of this distribution that are all tied to one particular problem. Example Suppose that we are told that the heights of adult males in a particular region of the world are normally distributed with a mean of 70 inches and a standard deviation of 2 inches. Approximately what proportion of adult males are taller than 73 inches?What proportion of adult males are between 72 and 73 inches?What height corresponds to the point where 20% of all adult males are greater than this height?What height corresponds to the point where 20% of all adult males are less than this height? Solutions Before continuing on, be sure to stop and go over your work. A detailed explanation of each of these problems follows below: We use our z-score formula to convert 73 to a standardized score. Here we calculate (73 – 70) / 2 1.5. So the question becomes: what is the area under the standard normal distribution for z greater than 1.5? Consulting our table of z-scores shows us that 0.933 93.3% of the distribution of data is less than z 1.5. Therefore 100% - 93.3% 6.7% of adult males are taller than 73 inches.Here we convert our heights to a standardized z-score. We have seen that 73 has a z score of 1.5. The z-score of 72 is (72 – 70) / 2 1. Thus we are looking for the area under the normal distribution for 1z 1.5. A quick check of the normal distribution table shows that this proportion is 0.933 – 0.841 0.092 9.2%Here the question is reversed from what we have already considered. Now we look up in our table to find a z-score Z* that corresponds to an area of 0.200 above. For use in our table, we note that this is where 0.800 is below. When we look at the table, we see that z* 0.84 . We must now convert this z-score to a height. Since 0.84 (x – 70) / 2, this means that x 71.68 inches.We can use the symmetry of the normal distribution and save ourselves the trouble of looking up the value z*. Instead of z* 0.84, we have -0.84 (x – 70)/2. Thus x 68.32 inches. The area of the shaded region to the left of z in the diagram above demonstrates these problems. These equations represent probabilities and have numerous applications in statistics and probability.

Importance Of Organ Donation Essay - 1660 Words

Farr 7 Farr 1 Alexis D. Farr Professor Steve Ryno English 121 28 November 2017 The Importance of Organ Donation While researching about organ donation, many articles brought forth the fact of how important organ donation is. This topic, however, is a big controversy among many people, especially families. Several articles, magazines, and previous research articles all share what organ donation really is and why it is important. By being a donor, you can save many lives in the end. My goal for this paper is to bring forth the importance of organ donation. Reasons to why it is a great thing to be a part of, and what it does for us and others. Organ Donation started way back in 1954 on December 23. The first living-related kidney†¦show more content†¦This is a treatment used to lower blood antibody levels. The second test is the Tissue (HLA) Typing. It is mentioned in the article, Blood Test for Transplant, that each persons tissues are different from everyone elses, except for identical twins. The better the HLA match, the better the suc cess rate of the transplant lasting a long period of time. For example, a parent and a child would have at least a 50% match rate and siblings would have at least a 0 to 100% match due to genetics being passed down. The better the HLA match, the better the success an organ will last over time. Another test is to measure antibodies to HLA. This test is repeated frequently and is dependent on the transplant program policy. The last major test is the Cross-Match. This is tested between you and a donor multiple times before the surgery. This is when the donors cells are mixed with your serum. The result from this will show if your body went against the cells or went along with them. If the antibodies are high, this means the donors cells will be destroyed and the transplant cannot happen. Organ donations can be transplanted to individuals in need of a specific organ or tissue, due to an accident, disease, or a condition that an individual may have encountered. Popular demands of organs variety from eyes, skin, liver, kidneys, heart, pancreas, lungs, bones, arteries, and veins. Though a donor can be alive or dead, all organsShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Promoting Organ Donations Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesAround the globe thousands of people are placed on a waiting list to receive an organ transplant, for some people the waiting process can be very long, and for others it can be short. To many people having someone give a gift of an organ donation is known has a second chance, a fresh start, and a new beginning at living a normal life again. 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Discussion of Integrated Marketing Communications in Samsung

Question: Discuss about theIntegrated Marketing Communicationsfor Samsung. Answer: Background The report discusses about the evaluation of Integrated Marketing Communication programs taken up by Samsung for recreating the image of the brand after the battery explosion case of Samsung Galaxy Note7. The campaigns are organised in order to regain the confidence of consumer. Recently, Samsung faced a decreased market share after the battery explosion case in Note 7 and after this Samsung has developed a campaign called Commitment to Quality which was ineffective. Strategy Statement The strategy statement of Samsung is to create its brand value among the top 5 global players in the industry and to regain its consumer confidence back by communicating well with the customers. Brand Positioning of Samsung After the case of battery explosion in Samsung Galaxy Note 7, Samsung came up with a campaign Commitment to Quality in which it shows how Samsung has taken actions and commitment to check why the issue occurred. They uploaded a video on social media to show what steps they have taken for ensuring the safety and security of the customers. They showcase that they constantly try to introduce new products and innovative technologies so that customers get something new everytime. The brand regularly promotes its products for gaining popularity and to gain loyalty from the customers (Spence, 2016). It can also be represented through a perceptual map which shows how target customers view the competing alternatives in the market in a visual format (Yumusak, Yilmaz Gungordu, 2016). Figure 1: Perceptual map for Samsung The perceptual map given above shows that Samsung is an innovation led brand which always provides exciting and trendy features to its customers. It believes in providing something new always which keeps it on the top position in the eyes of the customers (Yumusak, Yilmaz Gungordu, 2016). Objective of the Message The objective of the message floated in the video on You Tube was to make people believe that the brand care for its customers. The video shows this by focussing on the Quality assurance and by making the customers believe that safety has always been the priority of the company. It started a research on big scale to know the actual reasons behind the battery explosion. It also aims at showing that Samsung has invested a lot just for the sake of safety and security of the customers so that they can get best products from Samsung. Target Audience The target audience for Samsung and its promotional campaign are the ones who suffered from the battery explosion crisis and lost their trust from the brand. The target audience also include the customers who were interested in the buying the products of Samsung but switched to other brand after the case. The brand wants to regain the trust and loyalty from its existing customers and want to attract potential customers in the market who are in search of innovative and quality smartphones (Samsung Newsroom, 2016). The customers wanted exchange or refund for their Galaxy Note 7 handsets when the case of explosion came into their knowledge. The brand success affected a lot and it seems like Samsung will have to invest years in gaining the popularity and loyalty back. The customers reacted instantly when the company declared 100% recall for the sets. There was 96% recall of handsets within three months. The customers were diverted for buying the products of other company like Sony and Apple (Griffiths Kamouni, 2017). The company wanted to make the target audience feel that the company is always dedicated for the safety of its customers. Samsung wanted to be known as the innovative and smart company among its customers (Shivali, 2016). It wants to regain its image as the top most smartphone brand across the world. Samsung recalled the sets to make sure that the customers feel valued. The company wanted the customers to feel that the company is transparent with them and shared the research and its findings with the customers so that they could also know the main issue with the particular model (Shivali, 2016). Samsung wanted the target audience to trust the brand. That is why; they identified the issue and announced it. They created 8 point battery testing system which is done to assure customers about the commitment of Samsung for its customers. Samsung apologized to its customers and promised them to have a strong comeback soon (Samsung Newsroom, 2016). Figure 2: Samsung message to the customers Source: Sylvia (2017) Samsung has tried to make every possible effort so that it can establish a good communication with its customers and talk about the real issues behind the battery explosion cases. Samsung believed that this will reinstate the trust among the customers. They uploaded a video on You Tube for fulfilling the purpose but the campaign failed. Samsung should redesign its message and should float it on social media, its corporate website and also on TV commercials so that the approach of the message could increase (Sullivan, 2017). Social media has evolved over the years. It has great approach and has huge impact on the customers. Samsung should communicate that Safety of Consumers is at their foremost priority through TV commercials. They could also run a campaign where they could invite customers to provide their reviews. Listening to the customers has always been of help for the company. The company should kill the brand name Note so that the bad memories of the incident could be erased from the minds of consumers (Cheng, 2016). Samsung could recreate the magic of its brand by taking the above discussed steps. Also, to save the reputation of the company, it should it should invest in building better designs and on advertising. It has to show that the company is working to improve the faulty processes of quality. Samsung has already taken a bold move of recalling its handsets Note 7 which is a proactive step by the company (Dholakia, 2016). This should be promoted to show that the company cares for its custom ers no matter how much loss the company has to suffer because of this. References Cheng, R 2016, Galaxy Note 7, RIP. Samsung, you've got to rebuild the trust, Cnet.com. Dholakia, U M 2016, Why Samsungs Note 7 Crisis wont hurt its brand long term, Harvard Business Review. Griffiths, J Kamouni, S 2017, Why are Samsung Galaxy Note 7 phones exploding, was there a recall and whats wrong with the batteries?, The Sun. Samsung Newsroom, 2016, [Statement] Samsung Will Replace Current Note7 with New One, Samsung, Retrieved from https://news.samsung.com/global/statement-on-galaxy-note7. Shivali, 2016, Samsung blames manufacturing issues for exploding Galaxy Note 7 phones: Firm says battery cell 'had some flaws', Daily Mail. Spence, E 2016, Stop Using Galaxy Note 7, Samsung's Exploding Battery Nightmare Continues, Forbes. Sullivan, M 2017, The Galaxy Note 7 Explosion Findings Could Change How Samsung Makes Smartphones, Fast Company. Sylvia, G 2017, Samsung Mobile "Committed To Quality" - Tech Giant Releases Online Video Explaining What The Heck Happened With Those Batteries, AdStasher. Yumusak, T, Yilmaz, K G Gungordu, A 2016, Perceptual Maps of Smart Phones with Multi-Dimensional Scaling Analysis, International Journal of Research In Social Sciences.

Marco Polo Essays (298 words) - Marco Polo, Kublai Khan, Cathay

Marco Polo POLO, Marco (1254-1323?). In 1298 a Venetian adventurer named Marco Polo wrote a fascinating book about his travels in the Far East. Men read his accounts of Oriental riches and became eager to find sea routes to China, Japan, and the East Indies. Even Columbus, nearly 200 years later, often consulted his copy of 'The Book of Ser Marco Polo'. In Marco's day the book was translated and copied by hand in several languages. After printing was introduced in the 1440's, the book was circulated even more widely. Many people thought that the book was a fable or a gross exaggeration. A few learned men believed that Marco wrote truly, however, and they spread Marco's stories of faraway places and unknown peoples. Today geographers agree that Marco's book is amazingly accurate. Marco Polo was born in the city-republic of Venice in 1254. His father and uncles were merchants who traveled to distant lands to trade. In 1269 Marco's father, Nicolo`, and his uncle Maffeo returned to Venice after being away many years. On a trading expedition they had traveled overland as far as Cathay (China). Kublai Khan, the great Mongol emperor of China, asked them to return with teachers and missionaries for his people. So they set out again in 1271, and this time they took Marco. From Venice the Polos sailed to Acre, in Palestine. There two monks, missionaries to China, joined them. Fearing the hard journey ahead, however, the monks soon turned back. The Polos crossed the deserts of Persia (Iran) and Afghanistan. They mounted the heights of the Pamirs, the "roof of the world," descending to the trading cities of Kashgar (Shufu) and Yarkand (Soche). They crossed the dry stretches of The Gobi. Early in 1275 they arrived at Kublai Khan's court at Cambaluc (Peking). At that time Marco was 21 years old.