Bromination of acetanilide free essay sample

Bromination of acetanilide to 4-bromoaniline was studied in this experiment. One of the most important mechanism with the reaction of aromatic compounds is the electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions(wade,2013). The electrophilic aromatic substitution enable scientists to make substituted aromatic compounds. However, substitution groups affect the electrophilic substitution mechanism. A nitrogen atom attached to hydrogen is learned to be a powerful activating group, which allow the procedure to go without a catalyst. The bromination of the acetanilide gives the tribromide instead of 4-bromoaniline. preparing the 4-bromoaniline involves the attack of a strong electrophile and the hydrolysis of a proton to give the final product. Chemicals and Safety: Bromine is very poisonous, and can cause burns. Eyes, skin and nose should be protected while carrying the bromine inside the hood. Glacial acid is also a very corrosive compound and can cause severe burns when it’s reacting with aromatic compounds. Also, the organic waste was disposed in the halogenated waste container. We will write a custom essay sample on Bromination of acetanilide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Procedure: In a reaction tube, 0. 05 g of acetanilide is added and the exact mass is recorded. In the same reaction tube, 8 drops of glacial acid is added carefully inside the hood, and stirred well. Also, 8 drops of bromine in acetic acid is added, and placed for 10 minute in the hood until yellow crystals are forming. Then, 0. 5 mL of water followed by 5 drops of sodium bisulfite solution are added to the reaction tube. The reaction tube is placed on an ice bath to cool down and increase the product yield. Then, for vacuum filtration, the product is rinsed with cold water and let it air dried for 5 minutes. The product is then recrystallized by warm 3 mL of 50% ethanol placed on a hot water bath, and the product is cooled down at room temperature. The product is weight and the melting point is recorded. Also, some of the product is mixed with CDCl3 and stirred well to perform NMR analysis; and some of the product is placed for IR analysis.

What went wrong in iraq essays

What went wrong in iraq essays There was no post war planning in Iraq and the little planning that took place was ignored by the Sate Department who didnt want to hear daunting words about liberating Iraq from Saddam Hussein. The Pentagon skimped on troops and ignored the advice from its generals and sent light forces to Iraq. The Pentagons plan was to create an Iraqi government and soon after train native Iraqi forces so they can carry on the fighting for their own country. However some mistakes were made in Iraq like miscommunications, unintended consequences, and intelligence failures. Comments: Bush should have made a better post war planning that would continue three to four years after the war. We should have had better intelligence which would lead to better results. The level of troops in Iraq left a point of criticism towards the Pentagon. Invading Iraq with merely 150,000 troops was not sufficient to do its job. The leaders made a decision that we should overrun the Iraqi regime quickly and violently as possible because overrunning the country quickly would result in lives saved. The Pentagon thought it was vital to avoid a lengthy war that would have a weakening effect on the country. In order for a quick win we had to enforce a surprise attack and catch Hussein off guard. We had wanted send our 4th Infantry Division through Turkey into Northern Iraq but Turkey refused. Incredibly, we managed to achieve a surprise attack because Hussein thought they we would never attack without the 4th Infantry Division. Comments: I think that leaving the 4th Infantry Division on the border goes both ways because if they did come down from Turkey into Northern Iraq then we wouldnt have that many problems pertaining to insurgency but he did surprise Saddam Hussein by initiating a surprise attack to quickly overthrowing his regime. Things went bad after the war and began in post-war. We had collapsed a regime to quick ...

I need an OUTLINE done The outline needs to be about A Taste Of Honey Essay

I need an OUTLINE done The outline needs to be about A Taste Of Honey by Shelagh Delaney - Essay Example I intend to challenge the notion that we as a British Society have changed, even in the wake of liberal ,legal and social reforms. The play was written in 1958 when Divorces were a taboo, there was lesser minority representation amongst the society and single parenting was looked down upon as a religious and social offence. Gay marriages or open homosexual cohabitations were unheard of because such people were at a risk of bodily harm if their sexual orientation was made public. My thesis will focus around the life of the women (Helen and Jo)and their problems in the setting of the 1950's.From the opening of the play the focus is on the women (Helen/Jo), their problems and their attempts to cope with life. There will also be a focus on their increased hostility and dialogue structure. Jo's frustration with Helen's relationship with Peter and her loneliness is also analyzed.My aim will be to highlight Jo's interracial relationship with her black boyfriend Jimmi who she has a sexual relationship with after she feels depressed by Helens departure to a happy matrimonial life.She subsequently gets pregnant and he leaves her.She is forced to share the flat with the good natured Geoff who is also Gay.The way he gets treated when he attempts a friendly reconciliation between Jo and Helen is a reminiscent of the attitude of the society towards bisexuals in those days. There are further raci

Geochemistry Physics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Geochemistry Physics - Coursework Example Mechanical infiltration also plays a vital part in the downward movement of clay sized particles. Carbonate rocks such as limestone are affected by inversion, recrystallisation and grain growth as well. Typical processes that affect carbonate rocks are (sequentially) biochemical degradation, polycondensation and insolubilisation. 2. Why is the smectite to illite transition important in the process of petroleum formation? The smectite to illite transition is an important diagenesis reaction especially for shales with progressive burial. This transformation has the potential to flush hydrocarbons from various shales, accelerating the generation of hydrocarbons, producing high pore fluid pressures and for provision of various cementation agents to different sandstones. 3. How would you expect the alkane/alkene ratio to change as a hydrocarbon mixture matures over geological time, and why? The alkane/alkene ratio would tend to decrease with time as a hydrocarbon mixture matures over geol ogical time. This would take place as the biodegradation process would tend to remove alkanes so that the hydrocarbon mixture moves towards aromatics. 4. ... 5. What is a geochemical fossil? A geochemical fossil is the remains of any organic object that has been transformed by diagenesis into a fossilised state. The resulting fossilised state may not have been able to preserve the original structure of the fossilised object. 6. Explain how crude oils can be grouped based on their sulfur content. Crude oils are classified using sulphur content such that low sulphur content crude oils are known as â€Å"sweet† while high sulphur content crude oils are known as â€Å"sour†. Typically low sulphur content crude oils are preferred because sulphur tends to display acidic behaviour. PART 2. 1. Draw the van Krevelen diagram and explain how it illustrates several important facts concerning the formation of petroleum. A van Krevelen diagram is generally plotted to evaluate the origins and maturity levels of kerogen and petroleum content. The van Krevelen diagram plots the ratio of hydrogen to carbon against the ratio for oxygen to carb on. Figure 1 - van Krevelen diagram sourced from (Monash University, 2008) Looking at the diagram above, it becomes obvious that the van Krevelen diagram differentiates between various hydrocarbon products depending on certain regions on the plot. The formation of liquid petroleum can be seen as resting between oxygenated products and gas products which signifies petroleum formation. Additionally the van Krevelen diagram illustrates the evolution paths of various kerogens through the various paths shown on the plot. The plot above shows four possible paths (I, II, III and IV) that denote increasing burial. Based on this the particular mix of petroleum obtainable is arrived at. 2. What is

The Tourism Industry, in Dubai and Turkey Research Paper

The Tourism Industry, in Dubai and Turkey - Research Paper Example Both Dubai and Turkey depend tremendously on tourism for revenue generation as well as a source of income and employment. Both countries show considerable hospitality towards tourism by using incentives as well as having scrupulous tourist infrastructure and appropriate staff. Government in both Turkey and Dubai provide sufficient funding to the tourism industry. Both regions have also suffered a setback due to stigmatization from the west especially after the September 11 2001 bombing in the United States, which was linked to persons from the Middle East. This greatly affected the tourism industries over the last decade. Dubai and Turkey differ in the type of visitor sites they have preserved. Dubai is one of them most recommended tourist destination in Middle East for tourists mostly from Arab, Asia and European. Visitors are primarily business people or shoppers. The city of Dubai is a lovely site due to the elegant shopping malls as well as outstanding hotels and restaurants. Mos t tourist sites are artificially assembled. There are few and less impressive natural tourist sites. Turkey is endowed with stunning natural sites such as the outstanding coastline, archaeological sites, and the appurtenant climate. Another attraction for tourist in turkey is the long summer (United Arab Emirates Web; Kassam, & Choufany Web). The Dubai tourism sector is as well as the government is extremely accommodating to visitor as they provide excellent guidance for visitors as well as tax-free shopping. The government also offers incredible transport for tourists. Dubai has airline links with almost all countries in the globe. On the other hand, Turkey is linked to Europe by suspension bridges. The airlines are not as extensive as those for Dubai (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 210-212; United Arab Emirates Web) Factors enhancing tourism in Dubai include desirable but cheep tourist hotels, good security, magnificent shopping malls with variable product prices. Dubai is therefore considered to have one of the best catering to tourists. Turkey government, according to (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 209) has ratified a tourism encouragement act to boost tourism development. The act allows for employment of foreigners especially in tourism and airlines sectors as well as provision of land for tourism investment. Turkey’s culture is a combination of Asian as well as western culture, which makes it accommodative for tourists from Europe, and other regions of the world. Dubai on the other hand follows Asian cultures quite strictly (United Arab Emirates Web; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 210-211). The Target Markets and Different Market Segments Dubai Has Targeted In the Past or Should Target In The Future In Dubai, tourism is a major source of income for the city. The tourism sector in Dubai receives about eight million tourists every year from various parts of the world especially from Europe and some Asian countries. The high number of visitor is due to the great hospitality and use of incentives to encourage tourists. However, the industry hopes to increase this number to about fifteen million tourists by 2015 (Kassam, & Choufany Web). In the past, Dubai has vastly depended on it superb shopping malls and exceptional airline services to entice business people and shoppers. Dubai is attempting to reconstruct the tourism industry to be sustainable. In future, Dubai targets the medical tourist market by improving the health facilities to provide expert medical services, which will attract and encourage visitors to Dubai. They are already advertising

Copyright Law in United Arab Emirates

Copyright Law in United Arab Emirates Introduction Media Law is a branch of law that concerns governance of the telecommunications industry, broadcasting, advertising, the entertainment industry, censorship, and internet and online services inter alia. There are several branches of this law that help maintain an effective control over different media. An important aspect of media law is the Copyright law. Protection of a person’s, be it a natural person or a legal person, creative expression can be called as copyright. It usually pertains to the protection of intellectual property (Forstenlechner, Mellahi, 2011). Discussion Legal copyright issues can come to light with respect to several original works including trademarks for various brands, patents for technologies or processes involved in media. Among several issues, licensing occupies a huge space in this regard as illegitimate distribution of copyrighted works has become exceedingly persistent. Although, peer-to-peer sharing of technologies or spreading of online streams for audio/visual content is extremely beneficial to disseminate news of a new creativity in the market, it is incredibly anti profit for TV, movie and music industry. For free consumption it works like a blessing, for the legal networks, it is nothing short of a curse (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009). This report describes the provisions of copyright laws in the United Arab Emirates. Copyright Law in the UAE as per Federal Law No. 7 of 2002, as Amended in 2006 The following is a summary of the important aspects of the copyright law as followed in UAE. Items forming part of the copyright law Chapter one, article two: Under this law, the losses of authors and other concerning right holders are covered if their violation occurs within the boundaries of the UAE (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009). Certain works that can be compensated for, if violated, are mentioned below: Literature including books, booklets, articles, computer software, applications and databases, lectures, speeches, sermons, plays, musicals and pantomimes, musicals both accompanied and unaccompanied by dialogue, audio visual work, architectural work and plans, work involving drawing, painting, sculpturing, etching, lithography, screen printing, relief and intaglio prints and other similar works of fine art, photographic work and the like, works of applied art and plastic art, charts, maps, plans, 3-D modeling for geographical and topographical applications and architectural designs, derivative works etc (Forstenlechner, Mellahi, 2011). Items not forming part of the copyright law This copyright shall not only provide coverage of losses against violation in respect of title of the work but also in case of the use of the concept of the work by someone not authorized for (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009). Article three of the chapter one of the copyright laws in UAE further explains that ideas, procedures, business methodologies, mathematical algorithms and basic principles and facts are not covered under this law but only their way of presentation or expressions are covered. That means, that one two persons can use the same idea provided both their presentation differs. A very common example of such a thing can be the design of a water cooler and that of a water dispenser. Both have the same idea but both have utterly varied designs (Hassan, 2009). Copyright also does not provide coverage to any of the following: 1. Official documents, regardless of what is their source or the language they were designed for, for instance, provisions of law, regulations, decisions, international conventions, court judgments, arbitrators’ awards and decisions issued with concern to judicial matters by administrative committees (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009). 2. News of current events and issues falling under the spectrum of media coverage. 3. Works that are now owned by the public, such as books, magazines, novels etc. Regardless, the items contained in paragraphs one, two and three of this article can be covered if some sort of innovation has been involved in the way these works have been sequenced or collected. Retention rights of the author and his successor Article five of chapter two explains that the author and his general successors get perpetual and inalienable rights to the work in question (Hassan, 2009). These rights include: 1. The right for publication for the first ever time. That means that no one can publish before the first author. 2. The right of paternity/ attribution to receive credit as the author. A patent is automatically raised for the author. 3. The right of integrity for objection to belittling treatment of a work including alteration of a copyright work that alters the work negatively or impacts the honor or reputation of the author. 4. In the light of newly made discoveries, the right to remove a work from circulation that provides sufficient reason for doing so (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009). Effect of translation on copyright Article six of chapter two explains that alteration in the work by translating it into another language can also be a base for violation of copyright laws at the places where the translator does not point out specifically where the alterations were made or if these alterations affect the honor or image of the author (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009). Right of author, successor of author or copyright holder to license use of the work Chapter two, article seven describes the rights of the author and that of his successors. Exclusively, the author and his general successors or whoever the copyright holder may be, shall have the right to license any utilization of the said work. This can be done via any of the following channels particularly reproduction including electronic loading and storage, any form of representation, broadcasting or re-broadcasting, public performance or broadcasting, translation, modification, alteration, leasing, lending or any form of publication including access through computer or information networks, communication networks or other means (Hassan, 2009). Transfer of economic rights of the work Article nine of chapter two further explains that the economic rights of the work can be assigned by the author or his successor to a third party whether it is a natural or a legal person. This assignment must be in black and white and clearly refer to the right in question, and the objective, period and place of the assignment must also be referenced. And the rights that have not been transferred explicitly, in writing, shall be retained by the author (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009). The author shall respecting the moral rights of the person to whom he has assigned the right, shall not obstruct any use of the same. Quid pro quo Article ten of chapter two explains that the author, keeping in mind quid pro quo, shall do the assignment of rights in exchange for monetary compensation based on the pro rata share of the revenue generated from the consequential utilization of the work. The author has also been allowed to add another sum of money to it or can also use both of these methods (Hassan, 2009). Disposal of the work shall not be considered as transfer of right Article thirteen of chapter two explains that the disposal of the author’s work by him shall not count as a transfer of right to use it, but only as a transfer of right to ownership unless the author has agreed for any such clause (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009). International case laws featuring infringement of copyright laws The following legal issues arose due to infringement of copyright laws. These followed opinions and judgments by the laws of their respective countries or states (Hassan, 2009). Case one Brown v. Bandai America, Inc., et al., 2002 WL 1285265 (N.D. Tex. June 4, 2002) Plaintiff Brown owns the copyright for cartoon drawings called Bone Masters. In the Brown’s version of it, the cartoons are a unique figure that can add bones on the outside of their small structures, and can further turn into dinosaurs. Sunrise and Bandai are the defendants. They are a Japanese company (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009). They make and sell toy action figures called Dinozaurs. The Dinozaurs exhibit features much similar to Brown’s characters inclusive of dinosaur-like bones on their head, legs, arms and torsos. The Fox and the Children’s Network broadcasted the character of Dinozaurs from July to November 2000. Therefore, the plaintiff filed a copyright infringement case against Bandai and later made the addition of Sunrise and Fox as defendants in the federal court of Dallas, Texas. Case two United States vs. Elcom, Ltd., etc., et al., 203 F.Supp. 2d 1111 (N.D. Cal. 2002) Elcom Ltd is a Russian software company that violated the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) by fooling its anti circumvention defenses to bring and sell a computer program that removed restrictions from Adobe Acrobat PDF files and made formatting possible for the Adobe ebook Reader Programs. Such a program had been developed to accommodate ebook publishers in their respective distributions but it had been exploited by Elcom. United States was the plaintiff here with Elcom being the defendant (Hassan, 2009). UAE case laws featuring infringement of copyright laws Case one Sturdza vs. United Arab Emirates, et al., 281 F.3d 1287 (D.C. Cir. 2002) For a new embassy of the UAE in Washington D.C a competition was held for architects where plaintiff Sturdza submitted a design. The plaintiff was told by the defendant that her design had won the competition and that she was going to get the contract for the embassy. However, later the UAE gave the contract to another architect Demetriou (Samuelson, Wheatland, 2009). Demetriou’s design had close resemblance with that of the plaintiff’s. Using Demetrious design, the UAE began building its new embassy. The plaintiff filed a case against the UAE and Demetriou in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, blaming the UAE, inter alia, for copyright infringement. Sturdza’s copyright infringement claim, along with other claims, was dismissed by the court. However, the court revoked the dismissal of the copyright infringement claim as the jury found profound similarities between the two designs (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009). Case two Dubai which is a renowned city of the UAE has now been highlighted for copyright infringement cases by the world’s largest networking website, Facebook. A hairdresser in Dubai’s Discovery Gardens seems to have adopted Facebook’s logo and has a name quite similar to that of the famous and large website. It has even used the same color scheme for its logo. In fact, the font of the logo is also identical to Facebook (Samuelson, Wheatland, 2009). This case was brought into light by International Media Houses. Several small time companies take the liberty to adopt logos or trademarks of larger companies in the hopes to draw their customers, quite forgetting that in doing so they are committing a breach of law (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009). Case three Another case that had been reported by Emirates 24|7 pertained to a clothing store in Dubai that had adopted the name of Europe’s large retailer Primark. After realizing that the fact that they had committed a breach of law, they altered their name to ‘Mercato’ (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009). Case four Likewise, a grocery store in Dubai had unintentionally named itself after United Kingdom’s retail giant Tesco. Apparently, they had also not realized their crime. Case five On another note, an Emirati internet pirate was arrested by the local authorities in Abu Dhabi. He had the charge of downloading and distributing TV content on free online website. By the time he was caught, he was penalized was one million US dollars. He had been apprehended on 802 counts of piracy breaches (Samuelson, Wheatland, 2009). He was caught by a complaint filed by the Arabian Anti-Piracy Alliance (AAA) with pay-TV network OSN. He made a clear confession of willingly establishing a website where free users could download the subscription only content of the OSN network. His total penalty amounted up to $962400 (Samuelson, Wheatland, 2009). Case six The month before apprehension of this pirate, another one had been convicted for establishing a website where altered Xbox 360 consoles were offered and pirated Xbox 360 games were also traded (Daghfous, Barkhi, 2009). As per the law, the pirate was sentenced to a three month jail on the charge of copyright infringement and illegitimate alterations in Xbox 360 consoles by the court of first instance in Dubai (Samuelson, Wheatland, 2009). Conclusion According to the CEO of AAA these current apprehensions express the efficiency of the government coordinated operations against profit makers from internet sharing websites. However, the International Intellectual Property Alliance believes differently. Keeping in view the above cases, it understands that UAE be put back on the Special 301 Watch List in 2014. References Daghfous, A., Barkhi, R. (2009). The strategic management of information technology in UAE hotels: An exploratory study of TQM, SCM, and CRM implementations.Technovation,29(9), 588-595. Retrieved from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497209000765 Forstenlechner, I., Mellahi, K. (2011). Gaining legitimacy through hiring local workforce at a premium: the case of MNEs in the United Arab Emirates.Journal of World Business,46(4), 455-461. Retrieved from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090951610000635 Hassan, M. K. (2009). UAE corporations-specific characteristics and level of risk disclosure.Managerial Auditing Journal,24(7), 668-687. Retrieved from: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/02686900910975378 Samuelson, P., Wheatland, T. (2009). Statutory damages in copyright law: A remedy in need of reform.Wm. Mary L. Rev.,51, 439. Retrieved from: http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/wmlr51div=15id=page=

La Cancion de mi Corazon :: essays research papers

Memories to me are songs that play over and over again in my head. My heart keeps the beat and notes fall from my breath. After awhile not even the physical self exists. My soul is squashed between bars and lines. Sometimes I’m running, other times I’m resting. I see images flash by in four-four time then three-four time then six-eight time†¦there is no pattern. Erratic sharps lift me up and make me smile only to become flat again and drop me back into confusion. Confusion is the endless melody that carries on in my blood. The music stops only when I think of him, my lost harmony, my Che†¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My father would hold me on his lap and tell me that the wind whispered of change. He said the sun was beginning to light the way to a new path for Cuba. He’d tell me the water was stirring in anticipation of underground action. These things bounced off me and rolled into unswept corners of my mind. When my father spoke to me each day I was too preoccupied chasing chickens (add more detail bit about chasing chickens). Now that I think back to those times I realise my father spoke more to reassure him self than me that the country would find its glory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My mother was less optimistic about the future improvement of Cuba. Perhaps this was due to the realities of our current standard of living. My mother’s bitterness splashed down upon us as she complained of the lack of a morsel of meat in the house. She complained of our scrawny chickens and how my father sold their eggs. Many times as a child I would hear her say to my father â€Å"How can I raise our children to be strong when you sell our eggs and bring home no meat?† My father would sigh and in a tired voice would reply â€Å"Tomorrow will be better.† But it never seemed to be. I suppose though that no matter how destitute a child’s life is one’s imagination can serve as a comfort. I would stave off hunger by flipping through my recollections of life beyond the rural land of Mantanzas. The city of Havana, despite the crime and corruption, held me firmly fixed in fascination. The last time the city came into my sight my mother was buying a new dress. She seldom bought machine made, market quality clothes.

Marketing of Haagen Dazs Essay

ew York City, but soon distribution expanded throughout the east coast of the U. S. , and by 1973 Haagen-Dazs products were enjoyed by discerning customers throughout the United States. n 1976, Mr. Mattus’ daughter Doris opened the first Haagen-Dazs ® Shop. it was an immediate success, and its popularity led to a rapid expansion of Haagen-Dazs ® Shops across the country. in 1983 Mr. Mattus agreed to sell the Haagen-Dazs brand to The Pillsbury Company, which remained committed to the tradition of superior quality and innovation on which Haagen-Dazs ice cream was founded. since then, it has become a global phenomenon, available in 50 countries. the same careful attention to quality that Reuben Mattus built into every Haagen-Dazs product remains today. ce cream lovers the world over now recognize the unique Haagen-Dazs logo as synonymous with the ultimate super-premium ice cream. from the beginning, Haagen-Dazs ice cream has sought to innovate and bring new frozen dessert exp eriences to its customers, including distinctive flavors such as vanilla swiss almond, butter pecan, and dulce de leche, to name just a few. Haagen-Dazs was also the first to introduce the world to ice cream bars for a grown-up palate, with the introduction of the Haagen-Dazs brand ice cream bar line in 1986. other super-premium innovations followed, with frozen yogurt in 1991 and sorbet in 1993. o this day, the Haagen-Dazs brand remains committed to developing exceptional new super-premium frozen dessert experiences, releasing new flavors every year. Origin of brand name Mattus invented the â€Å"Danish-sounding† â€Å"Haagen-Dazs† as a tribute to Denmark’s exemplary treatment of its Jews during the Second World War, and included an outline map of Denmark on early labels. The name, however, is not Danish, which has neither an umlaut nor a digraph zs; nor does it have any meaning in any language or etymology before its creation. Mattus felt that Denmark was known for its dairy products and had a positive image in the U.

These Greco-Roman Curses Were the Best Form of Ancient Revenge

These Greco-Roman Curses Were the Best Form of Ancient Revenge Imagine youve just discovered the one you love has been cheating on you with the laundry girl from down the block. Furious, you want to get your vengeance. But youre not going to sink so low as to kill that young tart, are you? No, youre going to ask the gods to do your work for you! Instead, head to the marketplace and have a scribe write down a curse on a tiny scrap of lead. He asks the powers above - or, as well see, below  - to jinx her bowels. Bury that scrap of lead - pierced with a nail to fix its power- on which the scribe wrote somewhere sacred, and youve achieved your revenge! These mysteriously magical leaden texts were called  defixiones, or curse tablets. On a  defixio,  one would  invoke a god or psychopomp (spirits who carried the message to the underworld) in order to influence an individual, group, or animal against their wills; thus, they’re called binding spells. As noted in The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Greek Religion, the focus is not on torment or destruction ... but on laming and putting out of action. In fact, the way the text in defixiones  is set up is legal in nature, a contractual agreement between the gods invoked and the supplicant. Such formulae and phrasings were used in most of the defixiones, regardless of place of origin. These tablets appeared across the Greco-Roman world- and the places it conquered and influenced, from Syria to Britainfrom the Iron Age to the first few centuries A.D. More than 1500 of them have been discovered to date. Many of them have been at  religious locations where temples stood during Greek and Roman times. For example, at Bath in Roman Britain,  defixiones  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ were deposited in  the watery domains of Sulis Minerva, the protectress of that sanctuary; they were put there because the tablets requested for that goddess to  answer that request. The ones in Britain, especially Bath, mostly dealt with theft and were Romano-British cultural  hybridization at its finest; read more about that here. Other tablets would be placed in graves or pits, presumably because the supplicants were requesting help from infernal spirits or  powers residing in the underworld, like Persephone or Hecate; one would  imagine that, if a curse tablet requested physical harm or death on a person, a grave would be an ideal spot to put that  defixio. Perhaps most significantly, the  defixiones  proved to be some of the few examples we have of writing produced by non-elites in the Greco-Roman world.  They presented a contrast to the writings of many Roman historians that, rather than day-to-day concerns of love and life, concentrated on affairs of conquest and monumental inscriptions that only the rich could afford to set up. Just check out this insane tomb that Romes richest banker built for himself. Cursing Everyone and Everything When wishing for the gods to affect someone negatively in a  defixio, the supplicant might want any number of things, positive or negative, to happen. They could request that a rival be killed or fall sick, or that someone not fall in love with another person. As curse tablet expert Chris Faraone noted in Ancient Greek Love Magic,  these arent technically love spells, since they dont request that somebody fall head over heels for them; instead, it is designed to reduce the competition, by inhibiting the words, the actions, and even the sexual performance of a rival. Or, if a woman isnt into a guy, the supplicant requests that the beloveds movements be restricted so that shed love only him. Heres one example: Seize Euphemia and lead her to me, Theon, loving me with mad desire, and bind her with unloosable shackles, strong ones of adamantine, for the love of me, Theon, and do not allow her to eat, drink, obtain sleep, jest or laugh...Burn her limbs, live, female body, until she comes to me, and not disobeying me. If she holds another man in her embrace, let her cast him off, forget him, and  hate him; but let her feel affection for me... Another prime instance of creepy binding/erotic magic: Spirits of the underworld, I consecrate and hand over to you, if you have any power, Ticene of Carisius. Whatever she does, may it all turn out wrong. Spirits of the netherworld, I consecrate to you her limbs, her complexion, her figure, her head, her hair, her shadow, her brain, her forehead, her eyebrows, her mouth, her nose, her chin, her cheeks, her lips, her speech, her breath, her neck, her liver, her shoulders, her heart, her lungs, her intestines, her stomach, her arms, her fingers, her hands, her navel, her entrails, her thighs, her knees, her calves, her heels, her soles, her toes. Spirits of the netherworld, if I see her wasting away, I swear that I will be delighted to offer a sacrifice to you every year. People also utilized curse tablets to influence pretty much anything they wanted. In order to secure a win, a charioteer paid for inscribed tablets hat requested the gods ensure victory for their team and to destroy their enemies. Check out one that read: Bind the horses whose names and images/likeness on this implement I entrust to you: of the Red (team)... of the Blues. .. Bind their running, their power, their soul, their onrush, their speed. Take away their victory, entangle their feet, hinder them, hobble them, so that tomorrow morning in the hippodrome they are not able to run or walk about, or win or go out of the starting gates, or advance on the racecourse or track, but may they fall down with their drivers... The evidence for curse tablets isnt just archaeological. Literary sources suggest that Emperor Augustuss stepson, Germanicus, one of the most famous generals of his time, died because of poison and a curse; rumor had it that defixiones bearing his name, along evidence of other negative magics, were buried underneath his floorboards.

Review Of Jobless Turn To Work Helping Others

Review Of Jobless Turn To Work Helping Others Review of "Jobless Turn to Work Helping Others" In a perfect economic situation nobody would face unemployment, but we don't live in a perfect world. In an ever-changing economy, there are good times; and then there are not so good times. If I learned anything about economics from this article, it would be to make the most of the good times; and do what you can in the less than good times. This article describes two twenty-something workers who found high paying jobs when the economy was booming in the late 1990's, and then lost those jobs in recent corporate layoffs. All was not lost because they found jobs where business is still booming.Michael Cagan, age 27, was working for the well known brokerage company Charles Schwab when he got the pink slip last September. Around the same time Hattie Washington, age 26, lost her job as an administrative assistant at TeleCheck International.English: The Frances Perkins Building of the U.S. ...In December they were both hired at Money Managem ent, a non-profit firm that provides nationwide credit counseling. Now they teach others what they had to learn about managing their finances. Cagan had a mortgage payment of $522 and a new salary, which was 40% less than what he was making. Washington had credit card debt of $3,000; she enrolled in Money Management's debt reduction program herself in the hopes of one-day qualifying for a home loan.According to U.S. Department of Labor statistics, about 1.15 workers ages 16 to 24 lost their jobs when employment for that age group was peaked at 20.8 million jobs in December 2000. Over about the same time period the workers age 25 and over suffered a loss of 1.5 million jobs after hitting a peak of 115.3 million jobs in March of 2001. It seems that younger workers have it...

The Use of the Culture in the Expression of Customs of a Society Essay - 7

The Use of the Culture in the Expression of Customs of a Society - Essay Example I have come to know that the change in one walk of life makes an impact on all the other paths at the same time (West). Furthermore, the mythical characterization of the role models also changed as democracy was put into practice. As a matter of fact, the change in the lifestyle can easily be noted in the time of Hellenistic Greek. When I undertook comparison, I marked that different areas of the Greek culture allow understanding that literature was contributed with the newer subjects because every other field of interest was also changing. Through the above comparison of the analysis of the two eras and areas of culture, it came to my knowledge that each area was affected largely by the political changes and the way policy took place. The lifestyle of the Greeks was marginally changed as the democracy was put into practice. As a matter of fact, the change in the lifestyle can easily be noted in the time of Hellenistic Greek. When I undertook comparison, I marked that different areas of the Greek culture allow understanding that literature was contributed with the newer subjects because every other field of interest was also changing.

Organization change and innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Organization change and innovation - Essay Example Further than sociology, organizational innovation can make significant inputs to quite a lot of key fields of recent research. The most noticeable one is study on nationwide structures of innovation; however, it is equally pertinent to endogenous hypotheses of financial development more commonly. The link between the selection of type and the presumption of organizational change can be made since every concept or point of view relies on a comparatively open analysis of the environment. As these links are formed, â€Å"implicitly a number of new areas of research on innovation are suggested† (Poole, 2000, p. 102). Structural Contingency Theory A steady demand caused the automatic organization, but an altering demand formed the requirement for an organic organization with its stress on innovation as well as flexibility. Many researchers argue that more and more financial as well as political divisions should currently highlight either the organic representation or inter-organiza tional networks. However, the contingencies that describe why one specific type of â€Å"inter-organizational network is better for which kind of innovation and in which institutional or societal context have not been developed† (Poole, 2000, p. 154). Political Theory Political theory appeared â€Å"in opposition to structural contingency theory† (Poole, 2004, p. ... which the leading alliance, once in control, can stay even if the essential contingencies for the organization change, as a result, giving a reason for why a number of businesses do not deal with environment change. Nonetheless, without considering which takes place first - alterations within the main contingency or alterations within the leading alliance - shifts in the concluding one mostly indicate changes in policy in the direction of innovation or away from it. As a result, the political representation can be simply incorporated with the decisions on the significance of a high-risk policy, generally a unique ‘prerogative’ of this leading alliance. Organizational Environment Theory An exceptional evaluation of the research efforts that have been carried out on organizational change and innovation within this point of view shows that the majority of the organizational environment has highlighted the choice of organizational type. However, little concentration has been given to either the organic formation, the difficulty of the distribution of labor, or modernization rates. Perspectives on Organizational Change Organizational change is controlled by the institutionalization of authority in addition to the activities of interest groups in as well as around organizations. Since the last decade, both the authority implanted within official organizational structures in addition to the procedures and the current organizational understandings have been altering considerably. The stress of international competition as well as deregulation has caused a number of organizations and associations to look for new types of organization and various representations for managing individuals. Organizations turn â€Å"flatter, leaner, and less functionally oriented† (O’Reilly