Under the Sea

One very hot summer day I went scuba diving in the ocean. It was so beautiful under the water. There were so many different kinds of fish, plants and other sea creatures. My favorite was a purple octopuses, a school of color full sea horses and of souse the most magnificent sea turtles. They were huge. One of them was even 3 times my size. I was so fascinated about the beauty of the sea, I lost track of time. As I was wondering around I suddenly came across a hidden city. In the middle of the entrance it looked like a board hanging with a name written on but, I could not make out the letters due to many years of fading.It was Like the city called me closer. As I entered the city I saw so many different kinds of tumbled down houses. There was small ground level ones and big double storage one's. I stumbled across what once was the mall. I absolutely loved It. I wish I could have been part of this magnificent city. Yes, It's true, everything was under water and old but It was so fascin ating. I wonder what happened to the people. At the very end of the city there was this gigantic palace. The king probably lived there. I decided to go and Investigate. As I swam in I was amazed. It was so beautiful in there and it was almost like the time Todd still.A faded red carpet welcomed me and at the side's there was statues which ended at the throne. Obviously I sat down. After pretending to be the Queen, I wondered through the palace. Each room had a different theme. Suddenly I heard a beep, it was the gas tank telling me I only had a few minutes of air left. I really did not want to go but I had no choice. On my way out I took a souvenir to remember this place. When I got home I told everyone of this hidden city, but no one would believe me. Looks like the city of wonders (that's what I called it) did not want to be found. Under the Sea One very hot summer day I went scuba diving in the ocean. It was so beautiful under the water. There were so many different kinds of fish, plants and other sea creatures. My favorite was a purple octopuses, a school of color full sea horses and of souse the most magnificent sea turtles. They were huge. One of them was even 3 times my size. I was so fascinated about the beauty of the sea, I lost track of time. As I was wondering around I suddenly came across a hidden city. In the middle of the entrance it looked like a board hanging with a name written on but, I could not make out the letters due to many years of fading.It was Like the city called me closer. As I entered the city I saw so many different kinds of tumbled down houses. There was small ground level ones and big double storage one's. I stumbled across what once was the mall. I absolutely loved It. I wish I could have been part of this magnificent city. Yes, It's true, everything was under water and old but It was so fascin ating. I wonder what happened to the people. At the very end of the city there was this gigantic palace. The king probably lived there. I decided to go and Investigate. As I swam in I was amazed. It was so beautiful in there and it was almost like the time Todd still.A faded red carpet welcomed me and at the side's there was statues which ended at the throne. Obviously I sat down. After pretending to be the Queen, I wondered through the palace. Each room had a different theme. Suddenly I heard a beep, it was the gas tank telling me I only had a few minutes of air left. I really did not want to go but I had no choice. On my way out I took a souvenir to remember this place. When I got home I told everyone of this hidden city, but no one would believe me. Looks like the city of wonders (that's what I called it) did not want to be found.

We Real Cool, Poetry Explanation

STUDENT NAME PROFESSOR CLASS DATE We Real Cool: Poetry Explication â€Å"We Real Cool† is a poem written by Gwendolyn Brooks in 1959, and published in her book The Bean Eaters (We Real Cool, pg 1). A simple and light poem, â€Å"We Real Cool† is vague enough to allow readers to visualize their own characters and setting, but specific enough to keep a consistent rebellious image. Brook’s attitude toward the characters is undecided, as the tone is neither tragic nor victorious, but more so just balanced and neutral. â€Å"We Real Cool† is written from the perspective of the involved fictional characters.It is as if the reader is in the presence of these characters as they introduce themselves. They speak with confidence and defiance, describing their actions and self-ideals in a rhythmic stanza form. We are not presented with any specific character ethnicities or backgrounds, nor year or time, but we are provided a fictional setting of a place called The Gol den Shovel. Containing only ten sentences, â€Å"We Real Cool† begins with the line, The Pool Players. With this line, we are able to imagine the type of characters we will be following.The assumptions are, there will be alcohol and cigarettes involved, as those are typical stereotypes when thinking about pool halls. The second line within the same stanza is, Seven at The Golden Shovel. From this line we are able to assume or imagine that there are a total of seven characters involved in the scene. With just these two simple lines composed of simple words, imagery is created in order to set the stage for the next stanzas. Moving into the body of â€Å"We Real Cool†, Brooks begins each sentence with the word, We, making it a point that the narrator comprises of multiple people, specifically the seven pool players.The first line to begin the second stanza is, We real cool. This not only states the title of the poem, but also sets the intellectual level of the seven pool players. Grammatically correct, but more along the lines of slang, the last word of this sentence begins the rhyme scheme that will follow. The second half of this stanza is, We left school. This is an obvious statement of action, but leaves the reader questioning whether they left a not-yet-dismissed school day or a school day that had come to an end. As a third option, the reader might also assume they left school for good.The couplets continue in the next stanza with, We lurk late. With this line we can assume the verb lurk is meant to represent a much less gracious movement, an almost monstrous, but comical way of walking. In the poem’s consistent three word lines, the word late is included to end the sentence. This gives the reader an idea of when the poem can possibly take place within the time of day. Although it may not be a literal statement regarding the time of day, as it can also translate to a rebellious activity the characters wish to point out.The second senten ce within this stanza is, We strike straight. This line can also have multiple meanings depending on the usage and perspective of the words strike and straight. Two possible literal translations can be deal with fighting, as strike means hit or punch, while another meaning of strike is how one lights a cigarette. The fourth stanza begins with, We sing sin, a line that can also have multiple meanings. If taken from a paradox angle, the gentleness and innocence of singing contradicts with the literal meaning of sin.This method of verbal irony is what keeps the tone consistently light throughout the poem, and when strategically placed near the middle of the poem allows for a smooth transition from the previous darker stanza. Another translation of We sing sin can also be that the group likes to listen to contemporary music, possibly singing along. In certain days of past, and even currently, music is often labeled as the â€Å"Devil’s Music† by those who choose to be prud e, or overly religious. Ending this stanza is, We thin gin, an assumed reference to alcohol, something not out of the ordinary for a group of ragtag young’ins in this poem.Wrapping up the poem, the last stanza begins with, We Jazz June. A line like this, as did the previous lines, can have multiple meanings, or possible connotation to slang of the days the poem was written. Quite possibly, the literal translation can be that this poem takes place in the summer season of June, with the Jazz portion representing the music genre, Jazz. Jazz June could also be placed intentionally at this part of the poem in order to establish the name of the group of seven, the Jazz June.An additional meaning could be that the terms Jazz June has something to do with slang of those days. The last line of this stanza and poem is, We die soon, translating to a living a fast life on edge. With a rebellious life, this can lead to a shortened life span, as one is susceptible the dangers of life when staying out late, smoking cigarettes, and drinking alcohol. On a positive side, it can also mean, life is too short, and regardless, we will all die soon, so enjoy and be free. â€Å"We Real Cool† is a combination narrative and lyric poem that contains a very simple couplet, rhyming scheme.The simplicity and depth of the poem lasts the test of time as it very much can be relatable to this day and age of Hip Hop. The ambiguity of character background, location and time allows the reader to use their imagination and apply their perspective to the translation. I thoroughly enjoyed Gwendolyn Brooks’ â€Å"We Real Cool† and feel its relevance to contemporary poetry is vibrant and refreshing, making it a timeless piece of literature. Works Cited â€Å"We Real Cool† Wikipedia. 2012. . [Web site with no author. 21 May. 2012 is copyright date and 9 Nov. 2012 is access date. ]

Rhetorical Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rhetorical Analysis - Research Paper Example The ethos aspect, emotional appeal, of the article is significantly strong. Mr. Roger Cohen is a renowned author, columnist and journalist. (A General Summary of Aristotle's Appeals . . ., n.d.). He has extensive experience in foreign correspondence and his work reflects his far-reaching credentials. Considering the writer’s authenticity and credibility, the article carries much weight and strength. However, there is a point worth consideration here. To write about Britishers’ sentiments about London Olympics, probably, is a little out of Roger Cohen spectrum of expertise. In a way, this article can be regarded as a casual, off-road piece of writing for a usually seriously-political content-writer such Roger Cohen. His role in the article is important and provides basis for the basic structure of the writing. He sets the tone as casual and light-weighted. More importantly, using his imaginative-fluency, he carefully carves the primary style to be used in the article from start to end. He uses the indirect approach whereby he creates an opposite scenario at first in the initial paragraph to introduce the main scenario of the article that worked well in the general discourse of the whole writing. Moving on to the content of the article, it is safe to say that he articulated this piece with a commendable choice of words and expression to produce an interesting read. He enjoyed the liberty to develop coherent pre-body scenarios and post-body conclusions. The logos aspect (The Rhetorical Triangle: Understanding and Using Logos, Ethos, and Pathos, n.d.) of it considerably appropriate; Cohen’s ability in using logic and rationality in his writing is strongly backed by his extensive experience in journalism and column-writing.

Pollution Caused By War Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pollution Caused By War - Research Proposal Example Radioactivity, toxic chemicals, unexploded devices, and unsanitary health conditions will continue to scar the war zone for decades into the future. The human cost of this pollution is enormous and little is being done to hold the warring parties responsible for repairing the damage left behind. Landmines litter the playgrounds, toxins invade the food chain, and a plethora of health problems arise to further burden civilian population in the previously occupied lands. Recent decades have seen an explosion in wartime pollution and little has been accomplished to gain international agreement on the treatment and cleanup of affected areas. Wars have always left behind some form of pollution, usually in the form of unexploded ordinance that littered the landscape. During the US Civil War smoke was a major pollutant, but its effects were temporary as the smoke would clear and nature would reclaim the landscape scarred with craters. However, Vietnam would change that as "It is generally accepted that the extensive use of environmental destruction as a strategic practice in war dates from the use of defoliants during the war in Southeast Asia" (McCally 278). The forests in Vietnam were cleared with a chemical agent known as Agent Orange, a deadly herbicide that denied the enemy of food and cover. The amounts left behind in the soil and food chain had the greatest effects on the civilian population, which had little protection from the Geneva Convention or similar international agreements. Modern warfare had taken a leap and could no longer control the devastating effects of the pollution left behind. Another devastating pollutant has recently come in the form of depleted uranium (DU), a highly dense metal used for armament and armor plating in military applications. DU illegally litters the battlefields in Kosovo and Iraq and is spread throughout the environment after a contamination event. "Over the days and years following such an event, the contamination normally becomes dispersed into the wider natural environment by wind and rain. People living or working in affected areas may inhale contaminated dusts or consume contaminated food and drinking water" (Depleted Uranium). The effects of exposure to DU can range from kidney problems to lung cancer, and the World Health Organization warns that, "Small children could receive greater exposure to DU when playing in or near DU impact sites. Their typical hand-to-mouth activity could lead to high DU ingestion from contaminated soil" (Depleted Uranium). The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has been active in attempting to c lean up DU contaminated sites, but Henk van der Keur of the Laka Foundation1 contends that the use of DU is in direct violation of international law (A Day to Prevent Environmental). Cleaning up the damage may come to late for many that have already been exposed, and international groups are calling for an outright ban on DU. While the effects of Agent Orange and DU may linger unnoticed as an odorless and colorless poison, the effects of oil pollution in the Mideast have been more profound. The widespread fires from the ignited oil wells after the Kuwait War could be seen for miles, and "Iraq's release of about 10 million barrels of Kuwaiti oil into Gulf waters caused great stress to an ecosystem already suffering from decades of abuse" (McCally 278). At the time, there was little international

The Impact of Human Resource Development Programs on Employee Essay

The Impact of Human Resource Development Programs on Employee Performance - Essay Example In this research, primary data was gathered through the use of a survey questionnaire and interviews administered to two sample groups, namely managers and rank-and-file employees of ARAMCO. The 100 respondents were selected through stratified random sampling, comprising 80 rank-and-file employees and 20 managerial employees. Secondary data were gathered from existing literature on ARAMCO, particularly its annual report and documents existing in the public domain. The study determined that Saudi ARAMCO employs a best-fit approach to its human resources management, allowing for the gradual and continuous development of HRD policies and practices in the areas of motivation, rewards management, and performance management and appraisal. There are a number of gaps that exist between management and employee perceptions on these sensitive aspects of HRM; however, there are also a number of areas where the two parties commonly agree. The study concludes that a more effective HRM strategy may be arrived at by a refinement of the policies and practices currently evolving in the different internal environments of ARAMCO’s vast structure.SAUDI ARAMCO officially titled the ‘Saudi Arabian Oil Company’, is a unique organization on the global business landscape. It is the world’s singularly most valuable company, with assets currently valued (in 2010) at between $2.2 - $7 trillion. This value is likely to increase, however, as the company also presides over the world’s largest known oil reserves, an increasingly important commodity and the single most important driving factor for global business.

The Recruitment and Selection of Sales Staff Essay

The Recruitment and Selection of Sales Staff - Essay Example It aims at ensuring that an organization recruits the most competent work force that will help it to meet its goals and objectives. Therefore recruitment can be a source of success or failure for the organization. The cost of selection and recruitment can weigh heavily on the organization based on the way the whole process will be carried out. In order to have a competent workforce, many organizations have taken a systematic approach to the recruitment and selection of staff. They have put in place a mechanism that ensures that they attract and select the best workforce in the market. This has been achieved by ensuring that the process is based on selection on merit. The human resource department has been given the overall duty of ensuring that it comes up with the best selection plan that will ensure that the organization meets its objective in recruitment process. The human resource department must ensure that it upholds the policy of equal employment opportunity for all which is reflected theory the recruitment framework. (Gareth 2005, p. 21) Kids 'R' US is a super store that has specialized in selling of children's clothes and other equipments like toys. The store is owned byte the ABZee Group. The groups has decided to venture in the market in order to take advantage of the parent pound market which has been one of the growing market in the recent past. In order to achieve its objective, the company wants to o... Recruitment method The company will use external recruitment as compared to internal recruitment In this case it will be recruiting those from the local areas. Due to the size of the company, it may not be able to get enough staffs if it conducts internal recruitment. In order to get enough staff and bring more variety to the new store, the company will be recruiting different people but from the local area who understand the demands of the local people. The company will use physical interview in combination with e-recruitment in order to get the most qualified candidates for the job. (CIPD Factsheet, 2007) Kid 'R' US as an equal opportunity employer The company is an equal opportunity employer in the market and therefore the recruitment process will be targeting all the people the market based on their qualifications. In the recruitment process the company will continue to uphold it's the policy of being an equal opportunity employer. It will continue to recruit, hire, train and promote in all its job levels the most qualified and competent person without any discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, nationality or the sexual orientation of the person. In this case the company will not base its employment on issues of gender favors or discriminate the applicant based on their disabilities. Therefore all the applicants should be treated as equal and the selection procedure will be based on the qualification of the candidate. The company will also continue to administer other personal mater as regards issues of compensation, benefits, transfers, layoffs, training and development, education and other social recreation programs that the company wishes to uphold. (Torrington and Taylor2005, p. 28) Recruitment

Facebook's IPO Fallout Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Facebook's IPO Fallout - Research Paper Example Even though Google like companies tried to stop Facebook’s progress with the help of Google plus like social networks, such efforts impacted only moderately upon Facebook. â€Å"Between 2009 and 2010, the company's revenue nearly tripled. In the first quarter of this year, revenue climbed 44 percent. In the second quarter, Facebook Inc.'s revenue increased 32 percent to $1.18 billion from $895 million a year earlier† (â€Å"Quarter earnings: Facebook stock crashes†, n.p.) Even though Facebook’s’ progress was untroubled until recent times, some of the most recent reports show that Facebook is facing some severe problems at present. The interests of people in Facebook shares have been diminishing slowly even though the company management is working hard to bring the company back on track. Facebook investor’s concern is about the slow revenue growth of the company in recent times. Even though recession like economic problems was almost over, Fac ebook still shows no signs of revival. Analysts expect lower revenue of $1.16 billion in the fourth quarter of 2012 for Facebook (â€Å"Quarter earnings: Facebook stock crashes†, n.p.). The decline of share value of Facebook has surprised many people. Even though such a decline was expected, nobody thought that it may take place in near future itself. Plenty of reasons were cited for the unexpected and sharp decline of share value of Facebook. This paper analyses some of the major reasons of the decline of the share value of Facebook.... They do believe that the company has cheated them. In short, the reputations of the company are getting damaged as time goes on. Some analysts believe that the macroeconomic conditions in Europe are the reason for the dip in the value of Facebook shares. It is a fact that Europe is currently undergoing through a bad patch. Some of the prominent members of the EU such as Greece, Spain, Italy and Portugal are facing severe economic problems at present. Therefore, the popularity of Facebook like social networks is declining in Europe. However, there is no logic behind blaming Europe alone for the problems facing by Facebook now. In fact Facebook failed change their business strategies based on the changes in the modern world. The most important reason cited by many people for the decline of Facebook share is its failure in concentrating more on mobile advertising. It should be noted that the popularity of smartphones and tablets is growing day by day and many people have already shifted their attention from laptops and desktops to tablets and smartphones for their computing needs. In fact the number of people who access social networks through smartphones and tablets are more or less same with the number of people accessing the same with computers. Facebook failed to forecast this changing trend properly. As a result of that they failed to develop a proper mobile platform for exploiting the possibilities and opportunities. More consumers are using smartphones instead of computers to access Facebook, and the company hasn’t figured out the best way to make money from mobile ads. The result has been a slowdown in the growth rate of advertising revenue: revenue expanded by 36% last quarter, compared with 69% in 2011.New attempts to tap the mobile market are

Why Control Development Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Why Control Development - Term Paper Example The term ‘planning’ means different things to different people. In this context planning is viewed as a discipline with strong technical basis.   It works in terms of applying various techniques, models and formulas to solve problems. Moreover, it results to presenting itself as a science where it focuses in objectively solving problems by value-neutral planners.   Yet another dimension describes planning as an art of decision and plan making. Planning systems have revolved over time in the need to organize and regulated human society and its surroundings. Diverse societies all over the worlds over centuries have diverse sets of values. Planning systems and their roles change over time due to change of societal values and the advent of technological developments, hence the need to understand the context of social and historical changes.   Theories found in planning focus on how to go about carrying out planning. They focus on procedural matters as compared to substantial matters. They deal with issues such as design methods, decision making, organizations and community action. These could be said to be prescriptive theories because they explain of how to go about carrying our planning tasks.          What is of most important to note is that, planning must work hand in hand with the element of time. Planning should be time sensitive since we do not plan for the past but for the future. Besides, ideas tend to change over time with the outdated ideas exiting o pave way for the current ideas, with a certain capacity of individuals and the society having to carry volumes of ideas within their span of consideration at one time. T here are five schools of planning theory. They include; rational –comprehensive planning theory, advocacy planning theory, incremental list planning theory, and the two branches of communicative planning theory: planning as consensus-seeking and management of conflicts.

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Finance - Essay Example ce is still in its infancy with some serious limitations but it still can offer a relatively critical and most important alternative system that can offer the same. My purpose of the study therefore is to study this field at academic level and explore further the relative dynamics and mechanics of Islamic Finance and how it can be appropriately applied at Banks so that Banks and other financial institutions not only diversify their range of options but also engage themselves into non-speculative activities to safeguard the interest of their stakeholders. Since Islamic Finance is unique in the sense that it considers depositors and borrowers as owners therefore the implications of such assumptions make Islamic Finance a more unique blend to study and understand for securing the conventional financial system. I would request admission committee to consider my credentials for this course and allow me admission at PhD level for this course so that I can engage myself into researching and studying one of the most critical approaches to dealing with Financial matters in our daily

The Reasons for Participating in the MMPA Program Essay

The Reasons for Participating in the MMPA Program - Essay Example The University of Toronto seeks a diverse and unique entering class of current and future managers. How will your distinctiveness enrich the learning environment and enhance your prospects for future success? In the midst of the overwhelming competition in the business world, it is becoming increasingly important to have a strong sense of maturity in the learning process. Having realized this, I have taken time to develop myself as an accounting student. My past learning experience during the undergraduate program in U of T’s Mississauga campus has enabled me to develop and nurture a mature student status. My maturity as a student and profound learning skills coupled with strong determination to succeed will be a strong boost to the learning environment in The University of Toronto. I will, therefore, use my learning experience, positive influence, and power to motivate others to nurture a learning environment amongst fellow students. If we are all united together as students towards a common objective of getting the best out of the program, then my chances of succeeding in the master’s program will be secured. More importantly, the favourable learning environment that will have been nurtured will be a good platform for me to maximally gain all the required skills for my future practice. What sets me apart from the rest is my resilience. Life experiences have taught me to be resilient even in distressing conditions. Actually, my resilience enabled me to go through the undergraduate program despite having accidents and fee problems.

Bacteria Shape and Size Essay Example for Free

Bacteria Shape and Size Essay Questions: A.What are the advantages of using bleach as a disinfectant? The disadvantages? The advantages of using 70% alcohol? The disadvantages? The advantages of using bleach as a disinfectant is strong and effective disinfectant. Its active ingredient, sodium hypochlorite, denatures protein in micro-organisms and is therefore effective in killing bacteria, fungus, and viruses. Household bleach works quickly and is widely available at a low cost. The disadvantage is could irritates mucous membranes, the skin, and the airway. It also decomposes under heat or light and reacts readily with other chemicals. Bleach solutions begin to lose its effectiveness after 2 hours. You will need to make a fresh solution for each experiment. The advantage of the 70% alcohol mixtures is capable of killing most bacteria within 5 minutes of exposure. It is a 70% isopropyl alcohol solution suitable for use as a disinfectant and is safe for contact with the skin. Alcohol mixed with water is an effective disinfectant. The water is the mix prevents the cell from dehydrating and allows the alcohol component to disrupt the cell membrane and enter the cell resulting in the denaturing of cellular proteins. It is a 70% isopropyl alcohol for use as a disinfectant and is safe for contact with the skin. The primary disadvantages of using 70% as disinfectant are that is ineffective against that is flammable and should be not used around a flame source. Another consideration is that it is flammable and should be not used around a flame source. B.List three reasons why you might choose to stain a particular slide rather than view it as a wet mount. C.Define the following terms: Â ·Chromophore: Â ·Acidic Dye: Â ·Basic Dye: D.What is the difference between direct and indirect staining? E.What is heat fixing? F.Why is it necessary to ensure that your specimens are completely air dried prior to heat fixing? G.Describe what you observed in your plaque smear wet mount, direct stained slide, and indirectly stained slide. What were the similarities? What were the differences? H.Describe what you observed in your cheek smear wet mount, direct stained slide, and indirectly stained slide. What were the similarities? What were the differences? I.Describe what you observed in your yeast wet mount, direct stained slide, and indirectly stained slide. What were the similarities? What were the differences? J.Were the cell types the same in all three specimen sets: yeast, plaque, and cheek? How were they similar? How were they different?

Classical Theory of International Trade

Classical Theory of International Trade The purpose of this chapter is to review the existing body of knowledge about foreign direct investment and the studies on strategies adopted to attract FDI. It attempts to present a summary of the relevant theories, hypotheses and schools of thought that contribute to the understanding and fundamental motivation of FDI flows. An exploration of these theories will assist in the study and it will support arguments to be used in empirical estimation and discussion. Additionally the aim of this chapter is to review the theoretical approaches to the determinants of FDI, also known as private foreign investment. Various theories have been developed since the World War II to explain FDI. These theories state that a number of determinants both at micro and macro level could explain FDI flows in a particular country or a particular region. Various studies have also been published on the assessment of the key determinants of FDI. However, there is no general agreement insofar, especially that in different context, specific factors may vary significantly in their degree of importance as regards to FDI. 2.2 Definition of FDI Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a category of investment that reflects the objective of establishing a lasting interest by a resident enterprise in one economy (direct investor) in an enterprise (direct investment enterprise) that is resident in an economy other than that of the direct investor. The lasting interest implies the existence of a long-term relationship between the direct investor and the direct investment enterprise and a significant degree of influence on the management of the enterprise. The direct or indirect ownership of 10% or more of the voting power of an enterprise resident in one economy by an investor resident in another economy is evidence of such a relationship (OECD, year 2008 Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment 4th Edition). The Benchmark Definition is fully compatible with the underlying concepts and definitions of the International Monetary Funds (IMF) Balance of Payments and International Investment Positions Manual, 6th edition (BPM6) and the general economic concepts set out by the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA). In accordance with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developments (OECD) Benchmark Definition, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is said to be an investment which entails a long duration equation and is an indication of sustained interest and authority by a hosted firm in an economy (foreign direct investor or origin firm) in a firm hosted in a country other than that of the foreign direct investor (FDI firm or associated firm of foreign affiliate). FDI entails both the initial dealing between two enterprises and all following money dealing between them and amid the associated firm, both integrated and non-integrated (OECD, 2008). The concept of FDI took prominence in 1962 following the publication of an article- Development Alternatives in an Open Economy by Hollis Chenery and Michael Bruno wherein a two-gap analysis of capital requirements was formulated. They pointed out that foreign investment apart from foreign aid and foreign trade was important to fill the resource gap needed to finance economic development especially for countries where their imports exceed their exports. FDI stimulates larger flows of private capital for the development of the recipient countries. Increase in FDI is not enough. It must ensure that the said increase is meeting the development objectives of the recipient countries. FDI must go beyond private while government must ensure that risks are not too high or the return on investment is not too low. Being given that private capital offers some special advantages over public capital, there must be a mutual interest for both private foreign investors and the host country. The latt er will have to assist in securing information on investment opportunities and establish economic overhead facilities such as industrial estates, protective tariffs, exemption from import duties and tax concessions schemes. 2.3 Theories of FDI Over the past few decades, extensive research have been conducted on the behaviour of multinational firms and determinants of FDI and many authors have put forward various theories (and complementary) to explain them. Theories and contexts that are being developed are challenging established facts, systems and knowledge bases. Though many theories have been developed to explain various dimensions of FDI, the current chapter will endeavour to examine the following paradigms considering the scope of the present study namely: the classical international trade theory, the neoclassical location theory, the market imperfection theory, the OLI paradigm and Porters Diamond theory. Broadly speaking the theories could be classified as international trade theories dealing with comparative advantage for nations to go for trade and foreign direct investment theories relating to corporate advantage for foreign corporations  entering the host countries. 2.3.1 Classical Theories of International Trade The concept of FDI cannot be disassociated with the basis of why countries trade and the latter has been pioneered by the famous classicists namely Adam Smith (1776) with his Absolute Advantage theory and David Ricardo (1819) with his Comparative Advantage theory of trade. Adam Smith, the founder of economic theory, was the first to broach in Wealth of Nations that business would grow internationally for real economic growth. Both Smith and Ricardo concluded that countries would benefit from international trade if they have an absolute and comparative advantage in those products that they would be exporting and they should import those goods for which they have an absolute and comparative disadvantage. Consequently they were of the opinion that there should be complete specialisation by the countries involved in international trade based on the same principle as that of division of labour. They based their reasoning on the labour theory of value. The labour theory of value states that the value or price of a commodity is equal to or can be inferred from the amount of labour time going into the production of the goods. It, however, assumes that labour is the only factor of production and that it is also homogeneous. Because of these restrictive assumptions, the labour theory of value was contested and replaced by the opportunity cost advantage propounded by G.Haberler in 1936. The latter emphasised more on how a country has a comparative advantage rather than on what are the determinants of comparative advantage. It says that the cost of a commodity is the amount of a second commodity that must be given up in order to release just enough factors of production or resources to be able to produce one additional unit of the first  commodity. Consequently labour will not be the only factor of production and will not be homogeneous. 2.3.2 The Heckscher-Ohlin (HO) Theory The HO theory also known as factor endowment model was put forward by Heckscher (1919) and Ohlin (1933) and was among the modern theories of international trade showing the causes of international trade. Adam Smith and David Ricardo remained silent on the causes of trade and on how trade affects factor prices and the distribution of income in each of the trading nations. The HO theorem postulates that each nation will export the commodity intensive in its  relatively abundant and cheap factor and import the commodity intensive in its relatively scarce and expensive factors of production. It implies that a country must have the necessary resources to export goods. Some of the assumptions of the model again act as its own limitations on its effectiveness namely when it comes to free trade with no transport costs, tastes are similar across countries, perfect competition in factor and commodity markets, factors immobility internationally, use of same technology in the production of the two goods andtwo factors of production and two countries model (2x2x2 model). There has been extensions to the HO model namely through the Stolper-Samuelson model (1949) and Rybczynski theorem (1955). These theorems postulate that trade leads to the equalisation of relative and absolute factor prices between nations so that there will be internationalisation of prices and wages based on still the restrictive assumptions as those under the HO model. As Faeth (2009) and Seetanah and Rojid (2011) highlight, the first explanations of FDI were based on the models propounded by Heckscher-Ohlin (1933), according to which FDI was motivated by higher profitability in foreign markets with the possibility to finance these investments at relatively low rates of interest in the host country. Ohlin also observed that availability and securing sources of raw materials, flexible and business friendly trade policies as well as accessibility and availability of factors of production were the components influencing FDI inflows into the country. 2.3.3 Modern International Trade Theories There have been empirical tests concerning the traditional trade theories namely the Ricardian and HO models. Some tests have gone according to the theories while others have disproved them. For instance Sir Donald MacDougall in 1951 tested the Ricardian theory using the 1937 data for the USA and UK for 25 industry groups whereby it was found that US wages were twice as those for UK resulting in the USA being capital intensive while UK being labour intensive. However, according to Dougall there is incomplete specialisation as opposed to complete specialisation proposed in the Ricardian model. This is based on the fact that tastes are different, products are non-homogeneous, transport costs matter and industry groups are highly aggregated where we can have different model for a particular products like cars and cigarettes. The USA may have comparative advantage in cars but this does not prevent the UK from exporting one or two different models. Sir Donald MacDougall has also in 1960 talked about the benefits and costs associated with private investment from abroad. He pointed out that an increase in FDI will lead to an increase in real income based on the fact that value added to output by foreign capital is greater than the amount appropriated by the foreign investor as foreign capital raises overall productivity in the host country. With FDI, social returns are far greater than private returns based, inter alia, on the  following: (a) Domestic labour having a higher real wages; (b) Consumers having better choice with lower prices; (c) Host Government getting higher tax revenue; (d) Realisation of external economies of scale; (e) An alternative to labour migration from the poor country; (f) Increase in managerial ability and technical personnel; (g) Transfer of technology and innovation in products; and (h) Serving as a stimulus for additional domestic investment. However, Sir Dougall also warned that there is need for the host country to have the right additional public expenditure as foreign investors are likely to be less interested in receiving an exemption after a profit is made than in being sure of a profit in the first instance. Wassily Leontief tested the HO theory in 1951 and 1956 and found that the USA imports competing were about 30% more capital intensive than its exports. Since the USA was the most capital abundant nation, this result was the opposite of what the HO theory predicted and this became known as the Leontief paradox. Although subsequently the Leontief paradox was partly resolved in the 1980s, it led to the spring ball of modern theories of trade namely Linders thesis (Similar Preference Model or Spillover Theory), Posners Model (Technological Gap Model or Innovation -Imitation Model) in 1961 and the Product Cycle theory of Vernon in 1966. The HO model is inappropriate in explaining trade between countries with the same level of development while with the Spillover theory especially concerning manufactured goods, industrialised countries which have similar factor abundant can trade together. The Linders thesis rests on the belief that a country will export a particular commodity if it has a domestic market for the goods. In fact, domestic market is exploited first. If there are economies of scale in the domestic market, there will be a cost advantage to make export possible. Goods will be exported to countries with similar tastes and similar level of development so that trade will take place with countries of similar living standards. The technological gap theory is typical for the industrialised countries. It states that new products are likely to emerge in the market as a result of innovation. At first production is made for the domestic market. Then firms which bring forth these products have economic rent so that they have strong monopoly position. This makes it easier to tap international market. But this product in question is imitated overseas after some time period. Therefore, there is a shift in comparative advantage. So, we can say that there is an innovation-imitation process. We talk of technological gap because there is a gap between the country which invent the product and those which imitate them. The product life cycle model is an extension of the technological gap model. It states that any product moves through different stages or cycles and comparative advantage keeps shifting during these stages. There are four stages namely: Stage I New product for domestic market only Stage II If product is successful, there is overseas demand so that exportation will be possible Stage III Exports decline because overseas firms produce the goods due to innovation-imitation theory Stage IV Because of comparative advantage, the second country export the product to the first country, that is, the latter will start importing the goods which only a few years back was exporting it. Vernon (1966) explained that FDI will occur when the product enters its mature stage in the product life cycle hypothesis. Vernon (1979) re-examined his own theory and came to the conclusion that the cycle has shortened considerably whereby multinational companies are now more geographically diffused. 2.3.4 Market Imperfections Theories The suggestion that FDI is a product of market imperfection was first discussed by Hymer (1976). He also confirms that investment abroad involves high costs and risks inherent to the drawbacks faced by multinationals because they are foreign. The model was later extended by Caves (1971) and Buckley and Casson (1976) into the internationalisation theory. Hymer shifted the theory of FDI out of the neoclassical international trade theories and into industrial organization (the study of market imperfections). He also argued that there are two factors motivating FDI, namely: (i) the attempt to reduce and/or remove international competition among firms; and (ii) the desire of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) to increase their returns from the utilization of their special advantages. Foreign firms face disadvantages compared to domestic firms, mainly due to the extra costs of doing business in an alien territory and given the information on cost disadvantages, a foreign firm will engage in FDI activity only if it enjoys offsetting advantages such as superior/newer technology, better products or simply firm-level economies of scale. Buckley and Casson (1976) talked about the internalization theory of foreign direct investment. An important pre-requisite for internalisation whether being executed vertically or horizontally, is the existence of an imperfect market. They stated that there are two ways in which a firm can internalise namely by replacing a contractual relationship with unified ownership and secondly by internalising an advantage such as production knowledge through the establishment of a market where there is initially an absent of the said market. Together with the internalisation theory, there is the transaction cost theory put forward by Williamson (1975). He investigated whether a firms transactions are governed by hierarchy or the market. He identified three dimensions to this problem, namely (i) the frequency with which a transaction occurs; (ii) asset specificity; and (iii) uncertainty in the presence of uncertainty and also as uncertainty increases, it is better to govern through a hierarchy rather than through the market and vice versa. Caves (1982) also developed the rationale for horizontal integration (specialised intangible assets with low marginal costs of expansion) and vertical integration (reduction of uncertainty and building of barriers to entry). 2.3.5 The OLI Paradigm John Dunning (1988) in his Explaining International Production proposed an eclectic paradigm also known as the ownership-location-internalisation (OLI) paradigm. The OLI paradigm argued that FDI activity is determined by a composite of three sets of forces namely: Foreign firms enjoying ownership advantages in the form of better technology, product quality, or simply brand name, and other organizational knowledge that are not available to local firms. In other words, it refers to the competitive advantages which firms of one country possess over firms of another country in supplying a particular market or set of markets through product differentiation. These advantages may accrue either from the firms privileged ownership of assets or from their ability to co-ordinate these assets (common management strategy with a global scanning capacity) with other assets across national boundaries in a way that benefits them relative to their competitors;   Foreign firms can benefit from location advantages. This will make FDI activity more profitable than exporting. Examples can be: availability of cheap labour or other factors of production; market size, lower transportation cost, and trade barriers. This refers to the extent to which firms choose to locate value-adding activities outside their national jurisdictions; Foreign firms may seek internalisation advantages which arise when ownership advantages are best exploited internally rather than when offered to other firms through contractual arrangements, i.e. franchising, management contract etc. In other words, we here refer to the extent to which firms perceive it to be in their best interests to internalise foreign markets for the generation and/or use of their assets with a view to add value to them and reduce the high information costs. The significance of the eclectic paradigm, however, varies across industries, countries and firms. Another problem with the eclectic paradigm is that each of the Ownership, Location and Internalisation variables tends to be interdependent. For instance, a firms response to the independent locational variables may influence its ownership advantages and also its willingness to internalise markets. This is well known as the problem of multicollinearity among exogenous variables which can reduce the empirical validity of the model. 2.3.6 Porters Diamond Theory Porters Diamond Theory (1990) emphasises global patterns of FDI based on different country characteristics. He explained why certain countries tend to become leaders in some activities by using examples of sophisticated industries. According to him, firms that have successfully globalised their production activities have done so because of their ability to carry their home-based advantages in foreign market. Taking from the shape of a diamond, Porter (1990) maps out that there are four endogenous variables that would affect the decision of the multinational firms to compete internationally. These factors are: Factor conditions the countrys position in terms of factors of production such as infrastructure and skilled labour necessary to compete in a given industry; Demand conditions the nature of home demand for the industrys product or service; Related and supporting industries the presence or absence in the country of supplier industries and related industries that is internationally competitive; and Firm strategy, structure and rivalry the conditions in the country governing how companies are created, organized, and managed, and the nature of domestic rivalry. The role of government and chance are taken as exogenous variables in the model which can influence to a great extent any of the four endogenous variables. Government policy can either impede or help a firms progress and innovation. Chance events can come in the form of technological advancements that create a national competitive advantage for a firm. Porter (1990) stated that different dynamics may exist between the endogenous and exogenous variables, depending on what drives FDI flows namely factor-driven, innovation-driven and wealthdriven. The factor-driven and innovation-driven can be associated with continuous improvement of a countrys competitive advantages that contribute to the development of an economy. On the other hand, the wealth-driven cause can be associated with stagnation and continuous decline that perpetuate a countrys declining economy. The components identified by Porter (1990) are to some extent similar to the host-country characteristics that Dunning (1988) ou tlined in his OLI paradigm. 2.4 Determinants of FDIs Empirical Survey There has been an extensive body of empirical studies trying to explain why some countries were more successful than others in attracting FDI (Moosa Cardak 2003). This plethora of empirical studies have tested and explored the effect of a range of macroeconomic determinants including GDP, GDP growth rate, real GDP per capita, exchange rate policy, openness of the economy, financial stability and physical infrastructure among others. There have also been studies dealing with the impact of socio-political factors such as political stability, education, corruption, political freedom etc., on FDI flows (Dar et al., 2004). The empirical investigation in this paper focuses more on the macroeconomic determinants (pull factors) that will influence the FDI flows in the host country in particular Mauritius by using a time series analysis. Although there have been diverse methodologies used for the determinants of FDIs, it has also been controversial (especially when it comes to the causality effect between FDI and economic growth) so that it is difficult to have a simple model or any strong theoretical foundation to guide an empirical analysis on these issues. Kok, R and Ersoy B A in 2009 have stated that A large number of studies have been conducted to identify the determinants of FDI but no consensus has emerged, in the sense that there is no widely accepted set of explanatory variables that can be regarded as true determinants of FDI. While some parameters are comprehensively discussed and of high relevance, it remains unclear how these interact. However, the results of past studies be it panel data or t ime series analysis for a specific category of countries or regions have been employed as an imperfect but useful guide. Given the vast amount of empirical literature on the determinants of FDI especially during the last few decades, the present section will elaborate on those studies which take on board Mauritius be it as small island economies or as a regional economic community namely SADC, Sub-Saharan African countries. Also those studies will be taken on board where time series analysis have been undertaken for specific countries using almost the same key determinants for FDI as those being proposed in the model of this paper. Wint and Williams (2002), Thomas et al (2005) and Wijeweera and Mounter (2008) have been using economic factors such as the target countrys market size, income level, market growth rate, inflation rates, interest rate and current account positions to explain the determinants of FDI. They found that a positive interest rate differential assist in attracting FDI inflows as MNCs get the incentive to invest in foreign countries with positive interest rate differential barring the fact that there is no major fluctuation in the exchange rate. In the same vein, Cleeve  (2008) using a multivariate regression model for 16 Sub Saharan Countries and trying to capture economic stability through the proxy (nominal exchange rate adjusted deflator), has shown that this variable is statistically effective. Rogoff and Reinhart (2002) and Wint and Williams (2002) show that a stable country attracts more FDI implying that a low inflation environment is desirable to promote capital inflows. Ali and Guo (2005) and Choudhury and Mavrotas (2006) have indicated that there is a strong relationship between the money growth acting as a proxy for financial stability in the host country and its effects in attracting FDI. Asiedu (2006) using a panel data for 22 Sub Saharan African countries has also shown that inflation rate depicts a negatively and statistically significant effect. However, under Mhlanga et al (2010) multivariate regression model for 14 SADC countries (Southern African Development Community), the inflation rate independent variable does not have any effect as it is statistically insignificant. In terms of the importance of capturing human capital development, both Asiedu (2006) and Cleeve (2008) made use of the percentage of adult literacy and secondary school education index respectively. Both indicators have proved to be not only positive (that is higher stock of human capital will increase FDI) but also statistically significant. According to Helleiner (1998), investment incentives by host country such as tax holiday appear to play a limited role to attract the MNCs as those incentives are believed to compensate for other comparative disadvantages. On the contrary, it is generally believed that removing restrictions and providing good operating conditions will positively affect FDI inflows. This has been reinforced through Cleeve (2008) whereby he found that proxies like temporary tax incentives, tax concessions and profit repatriation when used to capture financial and economic  incentives are statistically insignificant. It goes without saying that in order to attract FDI, economic liberalization is important both internally and externally. This has been translated in several empirical studies even for SADC countries and Sub Saharan African countries from Cleeve (2008) and Mhlanga et al (2010). The famous proxy used for openness of the economy, remains the total value of exports plus imports divided by the level of national income (GDP) although Asiedu (2006) uses an openness index from the International Country Risk Guide which also proved to be positive and statistically significant. In 2008, D.Ramjee Singh, Hilton McDavid, A.Birch and Allan Wright used a linear cross-sectional model of 29 small developing countries having a population of less than 5 million to test for the statistical significance of the determinants of FDI. They found that several of the traditional variables such as infrastructure, economic growth and openness to trade do promote the flow of FDI to small developing nation states. The focus of tourism has also been highlighted in the study. Contrary to expectation the role of market size as a determinant was found to be insignificant basically as the sample taken being small economies. With regard to infrastructure per se, Asiedu (2006) and Mhlanga et al (2010) have pointed out that the proxies (number of phone lines per 1,000 inhabitants and number of landline and mobile subscribers per 1,000 inhabitants) did matter for the 22 Sub Saharan African countries and 14 SADC countries respectively. There has been previous research done with regards to the determinants of FDI in  Mauritius (Seetanah B and Rojid S; 2011) applying a reduced-form specification for a demand for inward direct investment function using dynamic framework and a differenced vector autoregressive model using data from 1990 to 2007. The variables used were size of the country, wage rate, trade/GDP, the secondary education enrolment rate and tax rate. The findings revealed that the most instrumental factors appear to be trade openness, wages and quality of labour in the country. Size of market is reported to have relatively lesser impact on FDI. The present research would use more independent variables in view of capturing a maximum variation of the model and also using data from year 1976 to 2011 which would enable the capturing of the impact of the global financial crisis of 2007/2008. There were also important policy decisions taken in the period post 2006 and the present model would try to capture the effect of those important policies. New explanatory variables would supplement the existing literature on the determinants of FDI in Mauritius and trying to use those independent variables would capture the maximum variation in the FDI inflows.

The Customer Supply Chain Business Essay

The Customer Supply Chain Business Essay The report consists of a project entitled Pillsbury: Customer Driven Reengineering undertaken as a part of the course curriculum for the subject Business Process Reengineering (BPR). As a part of this project, after reading the case, a discussion took place between all the group members so as to clearly identify the problem definition. As a next step, discussion of the various issues faced by Pillsbury were discusses followed by the evaluation of the efforts undertaken by it. Competitive pressures, technology advances, and demanding consumer preferences were causing all companies in the food industry to reexamine their operations and attempt to eliminate waste and inefficiency throughout the food chain. The Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) effort was a multi-industry project, ECRs goals were to reduce costs and drive inventory levels down throughout the system, while simultaneously enhancing capabilities to meet the needs of diverse consumer market segments. Pillsbury executives were unsure whether their company was prepared for the new ECR environment. So, this report basically includes the entire experience involved in undertaking the planning of BPR at Pillsbury and the various phases it went through during the transition and the challenge faced by it i.e. whether to go for a continuous improvement program having a short term view or a redesign of processes which was more futuristic. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To understand the practical implementation of BPR classroom concepts To understand the degree of complexity involved in planning BPR implementation To understand the importance of customer driven reengineering approach in order to adopt a pull strategy for the entire supply chain i.e. better matching Pillsburys purchasing, manufacturing, and distribution operations to consumers purchases To understand how to use the available resources in an optimum manner To understand the implications of a continuous improvement program Vs Redesign of processes. To understand the importance and criticality of various performance measures like ABC costing. COMPANY INTRODUCTION Pillsbury  is a brand name used by  Minneapolis-based  General Mills  and  Orrville, Ohio-based  J.M. Smucker Company. Historically, the  Pillsbury Company, also based in Minneapolis, was a rival company to General Mills and was one of the worlds largest producers of  grain  and other foodstuffs until it was bought-out by General Mills in 2001.  Antitrust  law required General Mills to sell off some of the products. General Mills kept the rights to refrigerated and frozen Pillsbury products, while dry  baking  products and frosting are now sold by Smucker under license. Leo Burnett  who created Pillsburys  Doughboy  and  Jolly Green Giant  considers them two of the agencys top five brand icons. ProdPack-Pillsbury-Cakemix-Small.jpg NOTABLE ACHIEVEMENTS Pillsbury once claimed to have the largest grain  mill  in the world at the  Pillsbury A Mill  overlooking  Saint Anthony Falls  on the  Mississippi River  in Minneapolis. The building had two of the most powerful direct-drive  waterwheels  ever built, each putting out 1200  horsepower  (900  kW). There are now plans to convert it into a loft-style apartment building. The Cunningham Group plans to convert six historic buildings to a mixed-use project varying from 6 to 27 floors in height. The project will include 895 units of housing and 175,000 square feet (16,300  m2) of commercial space, including the Pillsbury A Mill. HISTORY The company originated in 1869 when  Charles A. Pillsbury  bought a share in a Minneapolis flour mill. After the purchase of additional mills and the introduction of enhancements to the milling process, his firm was reorganized in 1872 as C.A. Pillsbury and Company. It was sold in 1889 to an English syndicate, which merged Pillsbury with other mills in their holdings to form Pillsbury-Washburn Flour Mills Company, Ltd., with Charles Pillsbury as managing director. The Pillsbury family regained ownership of the company in the 1920s, and it was incorporated as Pillsbury Flour Mills Company in 1935. In 1972 Pillsbury began purchasing  Burger King fast-food outlets, and it soon came to own the entire chain. Through the  Green Giant Company, acquired in 1979, it began marketing canned and frozen vegetables and frozen prepared foods. It also acquired Hà ¤agen-Dazs, maker of premium ice cream and frozen yogurt, in 1983. Pillsbury was owned by British company Grand Metropolitan, PLC (renamed Diageo PLC) from 1989 to 2001, when  General Mills  acquired most of Pillsburys assets (Burger King remained as a separate division of Diageo until 2002). The Hà ¤agen-Dazs brand was marketed through a joint licensing agreement with  Nestlà ©Ã‚  and General Mills. PRODUCTS The company manufactures a wide variety of consumer food products under the Pillsbury brand, including frozen biscuits and rolls, breakfast foods, cookie dough, cake mixes, and snack foodhttp://s3.amazonaws.com/gmi-digital-library/8b86b131-cccf-4292-b584-d216cf00fdd7.jpgBiscuitsBreads Grands! ® Cinnamon RollsCinnamon RollsBuffalo Chicken Crescent PuffsReady To Bake! ® Partner BrandsStrawberry Marshmallow Pie Biscuits, pies, flour, pizza crust, cookies, crescents, cinnamon rolls and various partner brands like Green Giant and Cascadian Farm. CASE INTRODUCTION Pillsbury entered Customer Driven reengineering initiative expecting to achieve significant levels of cost reduction and efficiency. To its delight, it also discovered a new way to compete. Competitive pressures, technology advances, and demanding consumer preferences were causing all companies in the food industry to reexamine their operations and attempt to eliminate waste and inefficiency throughout the food chain. The Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) effort was a multi-industry project .ECRs goals were to reduce costs and drive inventory levels down throughout the system, while simultaneously enhancing capabilities to meet the needs of diverse consumer market segments. Pillsbury executives were unsure whether their company was prepared for the new ECR environment. The executives perceived that Pillsbury lacked several critical capabilities to win in this new environment. In 1991, Dan Crowley as Controller of Green Giant, had launched an activity-based cost (ABC) initiative to examine the groups high cost structure. The study revealed startling plant-to-plant variations in costs for essentially the same process, large dispersion of actual costs from the companys standard cost per case. In August 1993, Crowley and Slocumb took a BPR proposal to CEO, Paul Walshs, Strategy and Policy Group, which comprised the division presidents of Pillsburys major business units and the top functional department heads. The proposal identified a process which would complement Pillsburys existing strategic plan to achieve top quartile financial performance amongst its strategic peers. The case describes the various efforts undertaken by Pillsbury during this transition and the various phases of the reengineering problem detailing various activities undertaken in every phase. The major challenge faced has been a choice between redesign of processes or continuous improvement because the target set in the earlier stages seemed a bit too achievable in the later stages NEED FOR REENGINEERING Customers perceived Pillsbury as an average company, not the best, not the worst, and without much innovation. John Mann, Senior Vice President and General Sales Manager, and another newcomer to the Pillsbury senior management team, concurred with McWilliams assessment: We were viewed as a laid-back Midwestern company, one that found it difficult to create a sense of urgency.McWilliams felt that Pillsbury had to become a different company if it was to change the perception of customers. Pillsbury executives were unsure whether their company was prepared for the new ECR environment. The executives perceived that Pillsbury lacked several critical capabilities to win in this new environment. First, the company was still organized according to traditional functional lines: purchasing, operations, distribution, finance, and marketing and sales. This organization led to local excellence and optimization of the individual functions but not necessarily to the optimization of the entire value chain. Second, the companys financial measurements and performance measurement system reinforced local optimization. The food market had become fragmented and the majority decisions taken by the consumer were made in the retail environment diluting the effect of the brand image. Thus Pillsbury had another challenge to transform its arms length relationship with the retailers (transaction based) to relationship oriented. DRIVERS FOR BPR AT PILLSBURY Highly competitive environment. Pillsbury lacking the necessary capabilities to compete in such environment. Lack of optimization of the entire value chain. The need to transform the arms length relationship with the retailers. To have an Information system to enable fact based marketing To develop a customer driven supply chain i.e. transition from push to pull strategy of supply chain Eye opening results of activity based costings. The project team prepared the classic ABC whale curve which showed a few product lines producing all the profits, with the remaining SKUs either breaking-even or losing money. Based on the insights from the ABC analysis, Green Giant management closed about a half dozen plants and consolidated operations more efficiently in the remaining plants. Crowley then took on a broader finance role within Pillsbury as Operations Controller and extended the ABC analysis to many of the dough manufacturing plants. Pillsbury now had good insights about the cost drivers for its cost of goods sold. The weak link was developing comparable information for its warehouse, sales, marketing, and promotion expenses. It had no ability to trace these expenses to its customers so that it could produce individual customer PLs. Skepticism that TQM was delivering its promised benefits to the PL bottom line within a reasonable time frame. For example, an internal study compared companies known to have adopted TQM principles with a control sample of non- TQM companies. The study found no discernible difference in financial performance between the two sets of companies. PROCESS MAPPINGS VISION: Crowley and Slocumbs vision of a potential for 15% cost improvement (about $300 million) in a staid and mature food processing company was met with some understandable skepticism and disbelief. Despite that, Walsh and his management team provided to Crowley and Slocumb a modest budget and 90 days to develop a business case to determine whether a $300 million cost reduction was possible. Crowley was appointed to a new position, Vice President for Customer Driven Reengineering, and Slocumb became Vice President for Business Process Reengineering. The business case was to focus on cost and margin improvements in three major divisions: Pillsbury branded products, the Green Giant products, and the frozen pizza businesses. These businesses had $2.5 billion of sales in Fiscal Year 1994. Reengineering: Phase I The Pillsbury team selected a consulting firm to work with them to help build the business case. Three months of analysis led to identifying three core business processes that offered targets for improvement: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Customer Supply Chain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Brand Management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ New Product Commercialization The Customer Supply Chain (CSC) was decomposed into three sub-processes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Total Customer Development à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fast Flow Demand Replenishment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Value Based Sourcing and Supply The team then proceeded to identify the opportunities for process improvement within each of the three CSC sub-processes. C:UsersdellDesktop9-c89015168d.jpg C:UsersdellDesktop10-19289f286e.jpg Value Based Sourcing And Supply The third CSC sub-process, Value Based Sourcing and Supply, focused on Pillsburys extremely complex system of vendors and sourcing arrangements for its more than $500 million of raw material purchases. Historically, Pillsbury had reduced its material costs by exerting price pressure on its suppliers. Further gains from such price pressure were considered limited. The project team believed that more flexible and robust ingredient specification would allow them to select more efficient vendors, and that additional gains could be realized by leveraging vendor resources and knowledge. To gain these benefits, however, vendors would have to become partners with Pillsbury in a total cost reduction process. Cost savings from Value Based Sourcing and Supply were estimated at about $40 million (around 8% of purchases), plus savings in working capital reduction of about $14million. Outputs of phase 1: A business plan that promised margin improvements through cost reductions and revenue enhancements of more than $100 million, plus reductions in working capital of about $25 million. Reengineering: Phase II Phase II was launched in January 1994 to determine whether the business case developed in Phase I was feasible and realistic. About 25 Pillsbury employees, supported by the external consultants, spent four months analyzing customer data bases on more than 100 top accounts, conducted in-depth interviews with key customers and suppliers, and mapping and assessing the state of all existing internal business processes in the customer supply chain. The study of internal processes revealed highly complex, time-consuming processes with dozens of handoffs, and multiple recycling of requests for decisions and resource authorizations. The customer interviews revealed that important food retailers, wholesalers, and brokers were moving aggressively forward with plans for category management. Category management promised to give retailers far more effective management capabilities over their store shelf space allocations, SKU rationalization, and demographic marketing plans. The Phase II studies confirmed the vision established at the end of Phase I (see Exhibit 17) that reengineering the customer supply chain could provide upwards of $100 million in benefits. About half would come from working more closely with customers-adopting a more focused customer segmentation strategy, targeted marketing using local demographic information on consumer purchasing behavior, and exploiting store-specific cost and profitability information to promote the most profitable mix of brands and SKUs for both Pillsbury and the local store. The other half would come from better managing Pillsburys entire supply chain-from growers and other key vendors, through manufacturing, transportation and distribution to warehouses and individual stores. It needed to take activity-based costing (ABC) down to retail store level PLs. The old financial model calculated standard costs per case and produced product line PLs. The new model will measure activity-based costs of entire processes and give Pillsbury customer PLs. Service based pricing: shifting its pricing focus so that it can charge more for special services that some of our customers may desire but that others do not want. It can define a base level of service that everyone receives, with an explicit statement of what that includes. Major change in measurement: performance measurements will need to be driven by customers and consumers expectations THE CHALLENGE In June 1994, the Pillsbury team had completed the customer analysis and was ready to move into redesign. Before the meeting to present the findings and recommendations to the Integration Committee, Slocumb expressed some concern about the current set of recommendations. The business case to achieve $100 million in cost savings and margin enhancements was then credible. But the target may be too reachable. People may obtain the $100 million in cost savings from local process improvements, not from the complete redesign of its high-level business processes that were described in Phase I. the target of $100 million had come to be the objective rather than the fundamental redesign of our Customer Supply Chain. If we get $100 million in benefits, thats certainly a worthy goal, but it will not redefine the organization. We have a choice whether to be a company with a $25 stock price, or take the actions that will take us to a $50 stock price., Tom Debrowski, Senior Vice President of Operations and Chairman of the Integration Committee DECISION Pillsbury should be re-designing the organization around customer and consumer values to create a new and sustainable competitive advantage. It should strive to be the best in providing the freshest product at the lowest cost to retailers along with unique consumer insights from its superior information systems. It can achieve the $100 million without redefining the way they do business. But to achieve the $300 million, it will have to become a very different supply organization. It will have to get the supply chain to a high level of competitive fitness by getting cost savings that will make it more efficient than its competitors, and, then generating growth through its value-added consumer insights, getting the right product to the shelf at the right time at low cost to the retailers. The largest barrier for achieving this level of competitive fitness is introducing and managing change. Multi-skilled, multi-functional teams, including finance, need to be working with our customers. SOLUTION To achieve the $300 million improvements, Pillsbury needed to approach the organization with a completely open mind, to think the unthinkable. It will force it to think completely out of the box if they are going to achieve benefits of that magnitude. They need to stop managing individual functional departments, and begin to manage core operating processes. With the old model, the manufacturer, the distributor, and the retailer each attempts to optimize its own operations. The new way, through reengineering, should enable them to optimally source raw materials, convert to finished goods, distribute to trade customers, and sell to consumers in ways that minimize total system cost. By determining who can do each process in the chain most efficiently, it can let that process get done only once, at the most efficient site. That way it can eliminate waste from the system. REENGINEERING EVALUATION The success needs the following. The Analysis, Design and Prototype yielded the pain areas and laid out the broad road maps. But implementation needs the following to be successful Senior management must drive reengineering initiatives with a well-articulated vision that is appropriate for the situation. IT is an undervalued asset that can be tapped through reengineering to transform a company from a make-and-sell-oriented enterprise to a sense-and-respond-oriented enterprise. Successful implementation of reengineering projects requires the involvement and participation of the companys managers and employees. Consultants and outsourcing are important for various aspects of a reengineering project, but they are insufficient without the buy-in from managers and professionals in the organization. Business process can be streamlined or reengineered, but to change the long-term economic picture, a transformation initiative needs to encompass the reevaluation of communication systems and the sharing of intellectual assets. The organization should have a clear target in mind, whether it is to incorporate a continuous improvement philosophy or a complete redesign of processes. AFTER EFFECTS OF REENGINEERING EFFORTS During the last three years, the entire strategic direction of the company has changed. Selling off the flour mills was an epochal event. It was a major cultural shock to many people inside and outside the organization who thought of Pillsbury as a vertically-integrated flour manufacturing company. They have demonstrated that they can become a consumer-based company that is prepared to get out of operations that do not add value. An integration of the entire value chain was the target driven by the customers leading to a pull based strategy. Information systems were to enhance the communication capabilities to incorporate fact based marketing. Major cultural change was seen with the relationship with the customers transforming from merely an arms length relationship Major improvements in expenses and profitability were expected rendering Pillsbury with the capabilities required in such competitive environment. CONCLUSION The problems initially faced by Pillsbury required a complete redesign of the processes and not merely a continuous improvement effort. Thus the decision taken by the management to extend the target to $300 million was a correct decision if a long term view was to be considered. The major changes that were to incorporated as a result of this BPR effort were necessary for Pills burry to have the necessary capabilities to compete in the highly fragmented and competitive market. The reengineering effort was well planned in various phases describing the various considerations of each phase starting with the development of a business case followed by its feasibility analysis. The areas chosen for improvement were Customer Supply Chain Brand Management New Product Commercialization These areas provided great opportunity for integration of the entire value chain and to transform into a pull based value chain with the customer as the major driver. The efforts undertaken have led to great motivation amongst all the stakeholders and they believe that Pillsbury is not a laid back organization anymore. Their customers are enthusiastic about shifting from changing the way they do business together and are willing to endorse new relationships, such as service-based pricing. LEARNINGS The importance of manufacturer-retailer relationship in this highly fragmented market. The difference in continuous improvement efforts and redesign of processes How to approach a BPR problem in a systematic way demarcating the tasks to be done in a particular order in various phases. The importance of techniques like ABC Costing and the utilization of the revelations such techniques make

Female Independence in Catharine Maria Sedgewicks Hope Leslie and Kell

Female Independence in Catharine Maria Sedgewick's Hope Leslie and Kelly Clarkson's Song "Miss Independent" Authors have addressed the topic of female independence in various literary styles, including novels, novellas, and poetry. In our society today, independence for women is one of the main topics of many songs. The concept of female independence has changed over the years; people have gone from frowning upon female independence to celebrating it. Both Catharine Maria Sedgewick and pop singer Kelly Clarkson address female behavior that now, in the 21st century, is typical for many women. In Sedgewick’s Hope Leslie, the title character portrays a young woman that defies her society’s repressive Puritanical standards; she portrays independence, courage, and outspokenness. Clarkson, in her 2003 hit, â€Å"Miss Independent† expresses characteristics common in many females of modern American society; they tend to show independence, self-sufficiency, courage, and determination. Hope, in a way, is an anachronism; she represents characteristics of a 21st century woman, tho ugh living in the 17th century. In Hope Leslie, the typical woman of the repressed 17th century Puritan society portrays a very passive demeanor; she tends to behave in a quiet and humble way. Esther Downing and Mrs. Winthrop exemplify this expected behavior. They are quiet, humble, do not express their opinions, and show domesticity – they are the perfect Puritan female. The title character, Hope Leslie, grew up â€Å"among the strictest sect of the puritans† and due to her upbringing, her loved ones expect that her behavior reflect that of women like Esther and Mrs. Winthrop (127). However, Hope does not adhere to the expectations. She depicts outspokenness, e... ...r Philip, or have any sort of relationship with him whatsoever. Instead, Hope decides that she loves Everell and wants to be with him. Once again, Hope symbolizes how the majority of women would begin to behave as the years progressed. Hope is the 17th century version of â€Å"Miss Independent.† Sedgewick uses Hope to portray a woman that has the characteristics of a typical woman of the 21st century. Hope shows assertiveness, courage, independence, outspokenness, and many other qualities not usual for a Puritan woman during the 17th century. Kelly Clarkson’s â€Å"Miss Independence† represents the average female of the 21st century, especially American women. The concept of female independence has changed drastically over the years, and it continues to change. This 21st century song bears a strong representation of an atypical 17th century female, Hope Leslie.

Design, Ecology, and Ethics Essay -- Environment Ecology Essays Papers

Design, Ecology, and Ethics â€Å"We need to design institutions (and cars and homes and toothbrushes, etc.) that make it easy for people to be good.† (Jim Farrell) Right now, if someone in America wants to be good to the earth and good to future generations, it’s hard. It’s expensive to purchase local, organic food. In the suburbs, to get to work and practice and the store and back home again on a schedule without a car is tricky if not impossible. To think about how and where and by whom nearly 100% of products in Target are made is to most certainly become ashamed. It’s disheartening to watch tax dollars go to funding war in far away lands and, as McDonough says, on future generations. And why is it that the majority of restaurants we have to choose from degrade the environment and our bodies? This is all because of poor design. American environmentalists, people who act in ways small and large to reduce their ecological footprint, are in the minority because we are constantly trying to wade upstream against the swift current of institutions shaped by cheap and dirty energy... Design, Ecology, and Ethics Essay -- Environment Ecology Essays Papers Design, Ecology, and Ethics â€Å"We need to design institutions (and cars and homes and toothbrushes, etc.) that make it easy for people to be good.† (Jim Farrell) Right now, if someone in America wants to be good to the earth and good to future generations, it’s hard. It’s expensive to purchase local, organic food. In the suburbs, to get to work and practice and the store and back home again on a schedule without a car is tricky if not impossible. To think about how and where and by whom nearly 100% of products in Target are made is to most certainly become ashamed. It’s disheartening to watch tax dollars go to funding war in far away lands and, as McDonough says, on future generations. And why is it that the majority of restaurants we have to choose from degrade the environment and our bodies? This is all because of poor design. American environmentalists, people who act in ways small and large to reduce their ecological footprint, are in the minority because we are constantly trying to wade upstream against the swift current of institutions shaped by cheap and dirty energy...

Women Of Ancient Greece Essay examples -- Females Role Femininity Hist

Women in Ancient Greece Women’s role in Greece can be seen when one first begins to do research on the subject. The subject of women in Greece is coupled with the subject of slaves. This is the earliest classification of women in Greek society. Although women were treated differently from city to city the basic premise of that treatment never changed. Women were only useful for establishing a bloodline that could carry on the family name and give the proper last rites to the husband. However, women did form life long bonds with their husbands and found love in arranged marriages. Women in Athenian Society Women are â€Å"defined as near slaves, or as perpetual minors† in Athenian society (The Greek World, pg. 200). For women life didn’t extend far from the home, which was thought to be their sole realm of existence. Though they ranked higher than slaves did, they were treated in many of the same ways. Just like slaves, their mothers trained women as adolescents what their domestic dutie s were. They were secluded from all males, including those in their family. They lived in gynaikeion, which were women’s apartments in Athens (Daily Life in Greece, pg. 55). They were kept at home where they were taught the proper manners and duties of a desirable wife. â€Å"Marriage was the inevitable goal to which her whole life tended. To remain a spinster was the worst disgrace which could befall a woman† (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 82). However, it was seen as more of a disgrace on her father who ‘owned’ her until she was married. Although Athenian women were completely in charge of their household and slaves, they didn’t have much freedom. They rarely left the house, unless they were part of some sort of religious procession. They could only walk abroad in the streets if accompanied by a slave or other attendant. It was improper for respectable women to share the same social entertainments as men. Even if caught in the courtyard of the house by a male visitor, they would return to the seclusion of their own apartments. Pericles once said, â€Å"it was their business to be spoken of as little as possible whether for good or ill† (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 82). This sentiment describes the extent of the importance of women in society. Marriage was their only major role in the lives of men. Marriage The betrothal was arranged by the parents as a strictly busines... ... between a wife and her husband. â€Å"The greatest pleasure to me will be this, that, if you prove yourself my superior, you will make me your servant and there will be no fear lest with advancing years your influence will wane; nay the better companion you are to me and the better guardian of the house to our children, the greater will be the esteem in which you are held at home; and all will admire you, not so much for your good looks as for your good deeds in practical life† (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 86). â€Å"Atthis, who didst live for me and breathe thy last toward me, once the source of all my joy and now of tears, holy, much lamented, how sleepst thou the mournful sleep, thou whose head was never laid away from thy husband’s breast, leaving Theios alone as one who is no more; for with thee the hope of our life went to darkness† (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 87). Works cited Bibliography Everyday Life in Ancient Greece; C.E. Robinson. 1933. Pages 81 – 87. The Family, Women and Death; Sally Humphreys. 1983. Pages 33 – 79. Daily Life in Greece; Robert Flaceliere. 1959. Pages 55-83. The Greek World; Edited by Anton Powell. 1995. Pages 199 – 273.

Tiger Mon Equal to Children Success in Future

The . issue . of . whether . a . tiger . mum . equals . a . better . future . has . aroused . a . wide . debate . in our community recently. The . news . recently . reported . that Asian tiger parents also called Chinese-style version of parenting, struggle much effect to children. However, I disagree with the above statement, in this essay; I will explain the reasons and conclude that the tiger mom is equal to better future for their children. The background is that it has been argued that a tiger mom cannot lead students for a better future. In fact, a tiger mom can be a role model to their children.Parents can guide their children in their growth, their personal development, as well as building up their right value which can lead them to a better future. Chinatown American parents often focus on educational achievement, personality, personal accomplishment, and problem solving skills. With these aspects, they have high expectations of their children, for example, children are expe cted to master various musical instruments, and succeed in everything. Every parent would like to cultivate all the good things and values to their children when they are still innocent.This is why the name of â€Å"tiger parents† comes from, in another word â€Å"strict parents†. Outstanding academic results can set up good career aspects in the future, no matter if it is in Hong Kong or western countries, not only in manufacturing-based or service-based career. TheBigGreen (2012) showed that in the top-level schools, 90 percent of children have an outstanding parent who plans a strict and harsh timetable for their children. It is shown that when a child enrolls in a high-level institution can refer to a minority who have a tiger parent.The strict parents will plan a full schedule for children to learn extra knowledge and practical skills. Focusing on academic achievements, their parents will arrange many tutorials for them to excel in exams. In order to reach the tar get and be the top student in the school, their children might get high GPA or obtain a Dean’s List, which must be beneficial to them in future career. When you have succeeded in your academic field, getting a high CGPA in every term, you may have a chance to have placement or internship in worldwide enterprises.In addition, with higher education level, the children can be professionals in different social statuses, and also lead to social progress. Another reason why strict-parenting is a better way for a child’s future is that they give the child pleasure. In childhood, developing the proper social network, personal accomplishment, and respective interpersonal skills is necessary for their social activities, such as, table etiquette, social dancing, and classical music and so on. At the same way, the aggressive parents plan a timetable for their children to learn different musical instruments.Participating in the class, children can make more new friends from differe nt top-level schools. The parents will filter undesirable friends and build the proper social network in children’ s institution level and personal accomplishment. All these can be contributed in future career. Since if you need any support, your social network can be your consultant teams and help you deal with the problems. Moreover, learning a musical instrument in childhood, it could mater some kinds of long-term training.The child will feel pleasure when they can master something and be confident to perform well on the stage in the future. It is because they were always used to practice a lot and join various Royal Conservatory of Music examinations, which need to perform in the auditorium. When they feel pleasure under the strict parenting method, it will not cause any mental and physical effects in the future. Another reason is that tiger mom method training children are more target-oriented, and also well-organized and well-planning.Shane (2013) reported that Vaile an alyzing when a child , who is more well-planned, will be more sensitive about the social issue and critical thinking. In another word, it means that an aggressive parenting guides the children to plan and schedule. With the result of well-planning, children can be equipped with multiple perspectives and make decent conversation. On the other hand, Chinese proverbs, â€Å"success required hard work†, nothing comes from reaping without sowing. The parents help their children develop the habit from childhood, things must be planned in advance.Since they were used to do anything on schedule and on time in childhood, it caused them struggling their future works and everyday-life in the future. When in the future, you must be facing something unexpected, before the work start, you can imagine the situation and procedures in many possibilities. So you can prepare the contingency measures to solve those problems. Nonetheless, many people may have a misconception about â€Å"tiger mu m†, which is only exploiting and maltreating children.However, the meaning of â€Å"tiger mum† and â€Å"strict parent† is that parents can guide their child to the right ways to be succeed in all fields. Parents’ and Children’s Internal Conflicts (2012) insist that parents experienced . much . more . internal . conflict . in . pushing . their . children . to . success, . and . the . tiger . parents . kind . of . guilty . for . putting . children . through . the . top-level . institution. .Besides, most of the people may think that freedom, social skills and creativities may also be crushed by this type of harsh parenting.This is another misunderstanding concept. It is not true that strict parenting will cause external side-effects on mental and physical in the future. Undoubtedly, aggressive parenting style puts high-pressure on their children's childhood, but it can lead them to build up high-pressure resistant, blame resistant characteristics und er their guiding. In future, they could bear heavy workload, more missions and projects, and be more flexible to suit in different challenging situations.This is a sharpened competitiveness and strength which can excel with others. Additionally, children could further understand themselves and find self-image, value and esteem, reflecting when parents disciplining. The tiger mom may have a role model and guide the child to be successful, the benefit is more than the harmful effects to the children. The misunderstanding can be clarified by the fact. In consequence, even though the tiger mom approach is equal to a better future for children, it should not be black and white.Tiger parents build up a proper value to their children and teach them many things which could be used in future, like personality, personal accomplishment, and problem solving skills. Moreover, they plan the most meaningful and useful schedules for children, in order to have success in educational fields. Some ins ist that strict parenting might damage childhood; however, this is a misconception. The reason why the parents are only to guide children keep in rules, instill proper value, and leading them to self-reflection. With all bove conditions, â€Å"tiger mom† or â€Å"strict-parenting style† is not a harmful thing to children. Reference list Courtney Rivette. (2012). The Controversy Behind â€Å"Tiger Moms† . The Big Green. Retrieved March 22, 2013, from Retrieved http://www. thebiggreen. net/2012/03/15/the-controversy-behind-tiger-moms Shane. (2103) Twice-exceptional students with deafness or hard-of-hearing and giftedness. Exceptionality in East Asia, 216. Qin, D. B. , T. , Han, E. J. and Chee G. (2012) Parents’ and Children’s Internal Conflicts. New Direction for Child and Adolescent Development, 134, 35-57.

Sociology and Understanding Human Behavior

SOCL2151 Sociology and Understanding military personnel Behavior Phase 4 exclusive Project Repost And Phase 5 soulfulness Project Conclusion Jerry Dunlap CTU Online Nov 12, 2012 SOCL2152 Introduction Portions of this naming has repurposed lap from Professor Vilas Sociology 215 In my Phase 4 exclusive Project I leave behind be taking ab come to the fore the sociology of sport, what sport and example I picked and why I picked them. I will talk and describe the topic and the sport that I have picked as well. I will be liberal a description of my reach ceremony over the correctt that I squargon mangleed.I will also talk ab turn up what it was compar fitting doing subject field work without re any in tout ensembley being in the field to do it. I will also go into talk of the town about what I have acquire from my field mirror image and Reflect on sports and the field of sociology of sport. Sports ar and have been for me a way to relax ever champion I was a dwarfis h boy growing up and leaving to naturalize. I short-c lighteed sports in junior advanced and in utmost tutor as well. Sports for many an(prenominal) pot crapper be a way of life or their main way of making capital to drop dead from atomic physique 53 day to the next.I study sports manly because when I watch them I mobilize man I be ingestch that was me out in that respect on that field or on that court them I wouldnt have to worry so much about how I am exit to take c ar of my family. I conflagrate come out be honoring a hazard and sitting at that place opinion as well if I could upright have overseerstar of the pay checks that the players shit I would be seat for a long time. The sport that I was going with at commencement ceremony was hoops gritty further after thinking about it I was standardised hold on in that respect arent any basket thud blues cover on television right straightway so I changed it to football patch yet to be able to do the field observation.I picked football because I grow up watching it when I was younger and I contend it for three grades in high cultivate hardly I will be talking a dallyty about both of them because of use both of them in my last cardinal several(prenominal) Project. On January 20th 1892 the set-back true basketball secret plan as we populate it was played in capital of Illinois Massachusetts. Doctor James Naismith a Canadian invented basketball for the YMCA so that they could play during the pass months. He made up holds for the spirited and also nailed up two piffle baskets for hoops.Most of the rules the he made for the gritty of basketball are still used merely have been changed up a little bit over the years. SOCL2153 Pro basketball and college basketball are both plentiful sports that are covered by all types of media interchangeable the news, radio, television and the inter take in is a well-favoured one as well. radiocommunication has a big impacted on basketball because it allows sight that cant watch it to be able to perceive to the patchs. The internet and new allows you to be able to keep up with states and other barricade care that on the sport and on the players as well.The description of my field observation after watch the Sunday impale amongst the Cowboys and Giants is there are all types of people there besides the players on the field playacting the game, and passenger cares. at that place are the people that call the game and the camera people from the television channel that the game was on. There where fans, cheerleaders from both teams and referees as well. From what I could see and run into the fans where all into the game cheering and boing when self-aggrandising calls were made or when there team made a full or bad play.People that where at the game brassed to me alike(p) they were of all ages from little kids up to aridly people. The players seem to show when they are upset about a bad call or a play that was ran the wrong way. The players also show off a little after they coif big play or even a little play. With the give out of who hangs out with whom, and what are the moods and social dynamics. I cant in reality tell from watching the game on television but for the most part I would think that most of the people that go to games on the dot hang out with the ones they go there with and the players who can unfeignedly say who they hang out with when there not playing.Some of the behavior in the game is from both the fans and players. Fans can start acquire upset because there team isnt playing like they should or there team isnt hitting the right calls from the referees that they think they should be. The analogous could go for the players from both teams. They start swallowting mad because they arent playing like they should be or they compensate a bad call. It all depends on how the game is going and how the players are playing on how the fans act and or be have. I picked this exit because I am a big cowboys fan and I right like watching them play on Sun age.SOCL2154 As e preciseone knows American football has been around for centuries and is one of the most popular sports in America. As of 2010 football is the most watched sport of all of the tetrad sports in America today. The counterbalance A citizen of ancient Greek propagation used to play a game called harpaston and this game was known as a dangerous game. There were no rules, no field specifications and no guidelines. They simply went out and played this game resembling a alloy of rugby and football. In the 12th ascorbic acid the game as we now know it began in England.People of this time started to love this game so much that at one time both Kings Henry II and Henry IV banned the game. At this time people where notwithstanding allowed to run and kicked the ball and couldnt pass the ball forward at all. EVOLUTION On November 6, 1869 American football was believed to be burn when Princeton and Rutgers Universities met to play the first organized football match in American history. in spite of appearance the next quint years the game would change and more teams would be added. There would be new rules institutionalize unneurotic allowing the teams to have 15 players on their team.A coach from Yale designationd Walter Camp introduce new rule changes to the game that would include cutting the number of players allowed on the field from 15 deck to 11 and adding downs. Football originally only had three downs and the teams only had to go five yards to get a first down but in 1912 it got increased to four down and they had to get 10 yards for a first down. President Theodore Roosevelt would later benefactor the colleges put unneurotic or crateful the National Collegiate Athletic touch baseer and they would put together a vii member rules committee that would pass a rule to legalize the forward pass.In 1922 the American Professional Football As sociation changed its name to the National Football League and then the NFL is born. Then in 1966 the Super roster was crated as the NFLs Championship game. In 1967 the first super bowl was played between the Green Bay Packers and the Dallas Cowboys and the Packers would go on the win the first ever super bowl over the Cowboys 21 to 17. SOCL2155 I have learned from doing field work that it is hard to do when youre really not on the field doing it was like what hard to do because you cant really get a good look at the fans or what is going on around the field.When watching the game on a television from the business firm only social function you really get a good look at is all of the players from both teams and the coaches. You can hear the fans and maybe every now and thing you can get a look at the fans plainly for a few seconds but not long becoming to really be able to see how they are acting. Phase 5 Individual Project My life experience with sports has been very interest ing from the start. I started playing sports like running cross country, track and playing basketball when I was in marrow school. I wanted to play football but are iddle school football coach wouldnt late me. He told me that I was too small because I only weighted like cx pounds in middle school. When I got into high school I still played these three sports but my sophomore year I finally started playing football but by thin I was not that up to date on how to play the game nor was I really that good. I was able to travel to many different places in middle school and high school because of sports even if it was near in the state that I live in. I allowed me to meet different people from different areas of the state.I still think to this day if it wasnt for sports and school that I wouldnt have passed and graduated high school like I did. Sports are part of what I am today and I big reason why I am a sports fan today. SOCL2156 creation a sports fan of sports now I would have to say that for me its a way to relax and enjoy aforementioned(prenominal) of the sports that I played in school without playing them anymore. Being able to watch sports gives people a way to get together with friends a few times a week or just a few times a month depending on the sport that is on at that time.I see watching sports as a way to get a little trill without have to put your own life at attempt or anyone elses because you can do it sitting at home with your family or with friends. The sport experience help me connect with friends because it gives us something to talk about when we get together other thin just are familys and what we have do over the past few days or weeks. The sports experience gets people together no matter what type of people they are or what race they are even if its just for a few minutes or a few hours people arent looking for at others based on their climb color or their religion.References ESPN. (2012). Retrieved from ESPN. com http//espn. go. com/nba/ history of Football. (2012). Retrieved from historyoffootball. net http//historyoffootball. net/ Bass, A. (2010, Apr 19). Livestrong. Retrieved from livestrong. com http//www. livestrong. com/article/108870-history-football/ Faurschou, B. (n. d. ). History of Basketball. . Retrieved from nbahoopsonline. com http//www. nbahoopsonline. com/Articles/History1. hypertext mark-up language